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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 244:
* Support for the cpuset cgroups v2 controller has been added.
Processes may be restricted to specific CPUs using the new
AllowedCPUs= setting, and to specific memory NUMA nodes using the new
AllowedMemoryNodes= setting.
* The signal used in restart jobs (as opposed to e.g. stop jobs) may
now be configured using a new RestartKillSignal= setting. This
allows units which signals to request termination to implement
different behaviour when stopping in preparation for a restart.
* "systemctl clean" may now be used also for socket, mount, and swap
units.
* systemd will also read configuration options from the EFI variable
SystemdOptions. This may be used to configure systemd behaviour when
modifying the kernel command line is inconvenient, but configuration
on disk is read too late, for example for the options related to
cgroup hierarchy setup. 'bootctl systemd-efi-options' may be used to
set the EFI variable.
* systemd will now disable printk ratelimits in early boot. This should
allow us to capture more logs from the early boot phase where normal
storage is not available and the kernel ring buffer is used for
logging. Configuration on the kernel command line has higher priority
and overrides the systemd setting.
systemd programs which log to /dev/kmsg directly use internal
ratelimits to prevent runaway logging. (Normally this is only used
during early boot, so in practice this change has very little
effect.)
* Unit files now support top level dropin directories of the form
<unit_type>.d/ (e.g. service.d/) that may be used to add configuration
that affects all corresponding unit files.
* systemctl gained support for 'stop --job-mode=triggering' which will
stop the specified unit and any units which could trigger it.
* Unit status display now includes units triggering and triggered by
the unit being shown.
* The RuntimeMaxSec= setting is now supported by scopes, not just
.service units. This is particularly useful for PAM sessions which
create a scope unit for the user login. systemd.runtime_max_sec=
setting may used with the pam_systemd module to limit the duration
of the PAM session, for example for time-limited logins.
* A new @pkey system call group is now defined to make it easier to
whitelist memory protection syscalls for containers and services
which need to use them.
* systemd-udevd: removed the 30s timeout for killing stale workers on
exit. systemd-udevd now waits for workers to finish. The hard-coded
exit timeout of 30s was too short for some large installations, where
driver initialization could be prematurely interrupted during initrd
processing if the root file system had been mounted and init was
preparing to switch root. If udevd is run without systemd and workers
are hanging while udevd receives an exit signal, udevd will now exit
when udev.event_timeout is reached for the last hanging worker. With
systemd, the exit timeout can additionally be configured using
TimeoutStopSec= in systemd-udevd.service.
* udev now provides a program (fido_id) that identifies FIDO CTAP1
("U2F")/CTAP2 security tokens based on the usage declared in their
report and descriptor and outputs suitable environment variables.
This replaces the externally maintained whitelists of all known
security tokens that were used previously.
* Automatically generated autosuspend udev rules for whitelisted
devices have been imported from the Chromium OS project. This should
improve power saving with many more devices.
* udev gained a new "CONST{key}=value" setting that allows matching
against system-wide constants without forking a helper binary.
Currently "arch" and "virt" keys are supported.
* udev now opens CDROMs in non-exclusive mode when querying their
capabilities. This should fix issues where other programs trying to
use the CDROM cannot gain access to it, but carries a risk of
interfering with programs writing to the disk, if they did not open
the device in exclusive mode as they should.
* systemd-networkd does not create a default route for IPv4 link local
addressing anymore. The creation of the route was unexpected and was
breaking routing in various cases, but people who rely on it being
created implicitly will need to adjust. Such a route may be requested
with DefaultRouteOnDevice=yes.
Similarly, systemd-networkd will not assign a link-local IPv6 address
when IPv6 link-local routing is not enabled.
* Receive and transmit buffers may now be configured on links with
the new RxBufferSize= and TxBufferSize= settings.
* systemd-networkd may now advertise additional IPv6 routes. A new
[IPv6RoutePrefix] section with Route= and LifetimeSec= options is
now supported.
* systemd-networkd may now configure "next hop" routes using the
[NextHop] section and Gateway= and Id= settings.
* systemd-networkd will now retain DHCP config on restarts by default
(but this may be overridden using the KeepConfiguration= setting).
The default for SendRelease= has been changed to true.
* The DHCPv4 client now uses the OPTION_INFORMATION_REFRESH_TIME option
received from the server.
The client will use the received SIP server list if UseSIP=yes is
set.
The client may be configured to request specific options from the
server using a new RequestOptions= setting.
The client may be configured to send arbitrary options to the server
using a new SendOption= setting.
A new IPServiceType= setting has been added to configure the "IP
service type" value used by the client.
* The DHCPv6 client learnt a new PrefixDelegationHint= option to
request prefix hints in the DHCPv6 solicitation.
* The DHCPv4 server may be configured to send arbitrary options using
a new SendOption= setting.
* The DHCPv4 server may now be configured to emit SIP server list using
the new EmitSIP= and SIP= settings.
* systemd-networkd and networkctl may now renew DHCP leases on demand.
networkctl has a new 'networkctl renew' verb.
* systemd-networkd may now reconfigure links on demand. networkctl
gained two new verbs: "reload" will reload the configuration, and
"reconfigure DEVICE…" will reconfigure one or more devices.
* .network files may now match on SSID and BSSID of a wireless network,
i.e. the access point name and hardware address using the new SSID=
and BSSID= options. networkctl will display the current SSID and
BSSID for wireless links.
.network files may also match on the wireless network type using the
new WLANInterfaceType= option.
* systemd-networkd now includes default configuration that enables
link-local addressing when connected to an ad-hoc wireless network.
* systemd-networkd may configure the Traffic Control queueing
disciplines in the kernel using the new
[TrafficControlQueueingDiscipline] section and Parent=,
NetworkEmulatorDelaySec=, NetworkEmulatorDelayJitterSec=,
NetworkEmulatorPacketLimit=, NetworkEmulatorLossRate=,
NetworkEmulatorDuplicateRate= settings.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained a new w+ setting to append to files.
* systemd-analyze dump will now report when the memory configuration in
the kernel does not match what systemd has configured (usually,
because some external program has modified the kernel configuration
on its own).
* systemd-analyze gained a new --base-time= switch instructs the
'calendar' verb to resolve times relative to that timestamp instead
of the present time.
* journalctl --update-catalog now produces deterministic output (making
reproducible image builds easier).
* A new devicetree-overlay setting is now documented in the Boot Loader
Specification.
* The default value of the WatchdogSec= setting used in systemd
services (the ones bundled with the project itself) may be set at
configuration time using the -Dservice-watchdog= setting. If set to
empty, the watchdogs will be disabled.
* systemd-resolved validates IP addresses in certificates now when GnuTLS
is being used.
* libcryptsetup >= 2.0.1 is now required.
* A configuration option -Duser-path= may be used to override the $PATH
used by the user service manager. The default is again to use the same
path as the system manager.
* The systemd-id128 tool gained a new switch "-u" (or "--uuid") for
outputting the 128bit IDs in UUID format (i.e. in the "canonical
representation").
* Service units gained a new sandboxing option ProtectKernelLogs= which
makes sure the program cannot get direct access to the kernel log
buffer anymore, i.e. the syslog() system call (not to be confused
with the API of the same name in libc, which is not affected), the
/proc/kmsg and /dev/kmsg nodes and the CAP_SYSLOG capability are made
inaccessible to the service. It's recommended to enable this setting
for all services that should not be able to read from or write to the
kernel log buffer, which are probably almost all.
Contributions from: Aaron Plattner, Alcaro, Anita Zhang, Balint Reczey,
Bastien Nocera, Baybal Ni, Benjamin Bouvier, Benjamin Gilbert, Carlo
Teubner, cbzxt, Chen Qi, Chris Down, Christian Rebischke, Claudio
Zumbo, ClydeByrdIII, crashfistfight, Cyprien Laplace, Daniel Edgecumbe,
Daniel Gorbea, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Stuart, Dan Streetman, David
Pedersen, David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominique Martinet, Donald
A. Cupp Jr, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabian Henneke, Filipe Brandenburger,
Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Georg Müller, Hans de Goede, Haochen
Tong, HATAYAMA Daisuke, Iwan Timmer, Jan Janssen, Jan Kundrát, Jan
Synacek, Jan Tojnar, Jay Strict, Jérémy Rosen, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson,
Jonas Jelten, Jonas Thelemann, Justin Trudell, J. Xing, Kai-Heng Feng,
Kenneth D'souza, Kevin Becker, Kevin Kuehler, Lennart Poettering,
Léonard Gérard, Lorenz Bauer, Luca Boccassi, Maciej Stanczew, Mario
Limonciello, Marko Myllynen, Mark Stosberg, Martin Wilck, matthiasroos,
Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tretter, Michal Sekletar,
Michal Sekletár, Michal Suchanek, Mike Gilbert, Mike Kazantsev, Nicolas
Douma, nikolas, Norbert Lange, pan93412, Pascal de Bruijn, Paul Menzel,
Pavel Hrdina, Peter Wu, Philip Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Rafael Fontenelle,
Renaud Métrich, Riccardo Schirone, RoadrunnerWMC, Ronan Pigott, Ryan
Attard, Sebastian Wick, Serge, Siddharth Chandrasekara, Steve Ramage,
Steve Traylen, Susant Sahani, Thibault Nélis, Tim Teichmann, Tom
Fitzhenry, Tommy J, Torsten Hilbrich, Vito Caputo, ypf791, Yu Watanabe,
Zach Smith, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
– Warsaw, 2019-11-29
CHANGES WITH 243:
* This release enables unprivileged programs (i.e. requiring neither
setuid nor file capabilities) to send ICMP Echo (i.e. ping) requests
by turning on the "net.ipv4.ping_group_range" sysctl of the Linux
kernel for the whole UNIX group range, i.e. all processes. This
change should be reasonably safe, as the kernel support for it was
specifically implemented to allow safe access to ICMP Echo for
processes lacking any privileges. If this is not desirable, it can be
disabled again by setting the parameter to "1 0".
* Previously, filters defined with SystemCallFilter= would have the
effect that any calling of an offending system call would terminate
the calling thread. This behaviour never made much sense, since
killing individual threads of unsuspecting processes is likely to
create more problems than it solves. With this release the default
action changed from killing the thread to killing the whole
process. For this to work correctly both a kernel version (>= 4.14)
and a libseccomp version (>= 2.4.0) supporting this new seccomp
action is required. If an older kernel or libseccomp is used the old
behaviour continues to be used. This change does not affect any
services that have no system call filters defined, or that use
SystemCallErrorNumber= (and thus see EPERM or another error instead
of being killed when calling an offending system call). Note that
systemd documentation always claimed that the whole process is
killed. With this change behaviour is thus adjusted to match the
documentation.
* On 64 bit systems, the "kernel.pid_max" sysctl is now bumped to
4194304 by default, i.e. the full 22bit range the kernel allows, up
from the old 16bit range. This should improve security and
robustness, as PID collisions are made less likely (though certainly
still possible). There are rumours this might create compatibility
problems, though at this moment no practical ones are known to
us. Downstream distributions are hence advised to undo this change in
their builds if they are concerned about maximum compatibility, but
for everybody else we recommend leaving the value bumped. Besides
improving security and robustness this should also simplify things as
the maximum number of allowed concurrent tasks was previously bounded
by both "kernel.pid_max" and "kernel.threads-max" and now effectively
only a single knob is left ("kernel.threads-max"). There have been
concerns that usability is affected by this change because larger PID
numbers are harder to type, but we believe the change from 5 digits
to 7 digits doesn't hamper usability.
* MemoryLow= and MemoryMin= gained hierarchy-aware counterparts,
DefaultMemoryLow= and DefaultMemoryMin=, which can be used to
hierarchically set default memory protection values for a particular
subtree of the unit hierarchy.
* Memory protection directives can now take a value of zero, allowing
explicit opting out of a default value propagated by an ancestor.
* systemd now defaults to the "unified" cgroup hierarchy setup during
build-time, i.e. -Ddefault-hierarchy=unified is now the build-time
default. Previously, -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid was the default. This
change reflects the fact that cgroupsv2 support has matured
substantially in both systemd and in the kernel, and is clearly the
way forward. Downstream production distributions might want to
continue to use -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid (or even =legacy) for
their builds as unfortunately the popular container managers have not
caught up with the kernel API changes.
* Man pages are not built by default anymore (html pages were already
disabled by default), to make development builds quicker. When
building systemd for a full installation with documentation, meson
should be called with -Dman=true and/or -Dhtml=true as appropriate.
The default was changed based on the assumption that quick one-off or
repeated development builds are much more common than full optimized
builds for installation, and people need to pass various other
options to when doing "proper" builds anyway, so the gain from making
development builds quicker is bigger than the one time disruption for
packagers.
Two scripts are created in the *build* directory to generate and
preview man and html pages on demand, e.g.:
build/man/man systemctl
build/man/html systemd.index
* libidn2 is used by default if both libidn2 and libidn are installed.
Please use -Dlibidn=true if libidn is preferred.
* The D-Bus "wire format" of the CPUAffinity= attribute is changed on
big-endian machines. Before, bytes were written and read in native
machine order as exposed by the native libc __cpu_mask interface.
Now, little-endian order is always used (CPUs 0–7 are described by
bits 0–7 in byte 0, CPUs 8–15 are described by byte 1, and so on).
This change fixes D-Bus calls that cross endianness boundary.
The presentation format used for CPUAffinity= by "systemctl show" and
"systemd-analyze dump" is changed to present CPU indices instead of
the raw __cpu_mask bitmask. For example, CPUAffinity=0-1 would be
shown as CPUAffinity=03000000000000000000000000000… (on
little-endian) or CPUAffinity=00000000000000300000000000000… (on
64-bit big-endian), and is now shown as CPUAffinity=0-1, matching the
input format. The maximum integer that will be printed in the new
format is 8191 (four digits), while the old format always used a very
long number (with the length varying by architecture), so they can be
unambiguously distinguished.
* /usr/sbin/halt.local is no longer supported. Implementation in
distributions was inconsistent and it seems this functionality was
very rarely used.
To replace this functionality, users should:
- either define a new unit and make it a dependency of final.target
(systemctl add-wants final.target my-halt-local.service)
- or move the shutdown script to /usr/lib/systemd/system-shutdown/
and ensure that it accepts "halt", "poweroff", "reboot", and
"kexec" as an argument, see the description in systemd-shutdown(8).
* When a [Match] section in .link or .network file is empty (contains
no match patterns), a warning will be emitted. Please add any "match
all" pattern instead, e.g. OriginalName=* or Name=* in case all
interfaces should really be matched.
* A new setting NUMAPolicy= may be used to set process memory
allocation policy. This setting can be specified in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and hence will set the default policy for
PID1. The default policy can be overridden on a per-service
basis. The related setting NUMAMask= is used to specify NUMA node
mask that should be associated with the selected policy.
* PID 1 will now listen to Out-Of-Memory (OOM) events the kernel
generates when processes it manages are reaching their memory limits,
and will place their units in a special state, and optionally kill or
stop the whole unit.
* The service manager will now expose bus properties for the IO
resources used by units. This information is also shown in "systemctl
status" now (for services that have IOAccounting=yes set). Moreover,
the IO accounting data is included in the resource log message
generated whenever a unit stops.
* Units may now configure an explicit time-out to wait for when killed
with SIGABRT, for example when a service watchdog is hit. Previously,
the regular TimeoutStopSec= time-out was applied in this case too —
now a separate time-out may be set using TimeoutAbortSec=.
* Services may now send a special WATCHDOG=trigger message with
sd_notify() to trigger an immediate "watchdog missed" event, and thus
trigger service termination. This is useful both for testing watchdog
handling, but also for defining error paths in services, that shall
be handled the same way as watchdog events.
* There are two new per-unit settings IPIngressFilterPath= and
IPEgressFilterPath= which allow configuration of a BPF program
(usually by specifying a path to a program uploaded to /sys/fs/bpf/)
to apply to the IP packet ingress/egress path of all processes of a
unit. This is useful to allow running systemd services with BPF
programs set up externally.
* systemctl gained a new "clean" verb for removing the state, cache,
runtime or logs directories of a service while it is terminated. The
new verb may also be used to remove the state maintained on disk for
timer units that have Persistent= configured.
* During the last phase of shutdown systemd will now automatically
increase the log level configured in the "kernel.printk" sysctl so
that any relevant loggable events happening during late shutdown are
made visible. Previously, loggable events happening so late during
shutdown were generally lost if the "kernel.printk" sysctl was set to
high thresholds, as regular logging daemons are terminated at that
time and thus nothing is written to disk.
* If processes terminated during the last phase of shutdown do not exit
quickly systemd will now show their names after a short time, to make
debugging easier. After a longer time-out they are forcibly killed,
as before.
* journalctl (and the other tools that display logs) will now highlight
warnings in yellow (previously, both LOG_NOTICE and LOG_WARNING where
shown in bright bold, now only LOG_NOTICE is). Moreover, audit logs
are now shown in blue color, to separate them visually from regular
logs. References to configuration files are now turned into clickable
links on terminals that support that.
* systemd-journald will now stop logging to /var/log/journal during
shutdown when /var/ is on a separate mount, so that it can be
unmounted safely during shutdown.
* systemd-resolved gained support for a new 'strict' DNS-over-TLS mode.
* systemd-resolved "Cache=" configuration option in resolved.conf has
been extended to also accept the 'no-negative' value. Previously,
only a boolean option was allowed (yes/no), having yes as the
default. If this option is set to 'no-negative', negative answers are
not cached while the old cache heuristics are used positive answers.
The default remains unchanged.
* The predictable naming scheme for network devices now supports
generating predictable names for "netdevsim" devices.
Moreover, the "en" prefix was dropped from the ID_NET_NAME_ONBOARD
udev property.
Those two changes form a new net.naming-policy-scheme= entry.
Distributions which want to preserve naming stability may want to set
the -Ddefault-net-naming-scheme= configuration option.
* systemd-networkd now supports MACsec, nlmon, IPVTAP and Xfrm
interfaces natively.
* systemd-networkd's bridge FDB support now allows configuration of a
destination address for each entry (Destination=), as well as the
VXLAN VNI (VNI=), as well as an option to declare what an entry is
associated with (AssociatedWith=).
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 support now understands a new MaxAttempts=
option for configuring the maximum number of DHCP lease requests. It
also learnt a new BlackList= option for blacklisting DHCP servers (a
similar setting has also been added to the IPv6 RA client), as well
as a SendRelease= option for configuring whether to send a DHCP
RELEASE message when terminating.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 stacks can now be configured
separately in the [DHCPv4] and [DHCPv6] sections.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP support will now optionally create an
implicit host route to the DNS server specified in the DHCP lease, in
addition to the routes listed explicitly in the lease. This should
ensure that in multi-homed systems DNS traffic leaves the systems on
the interface that acquired the DNS server information even if other
routes such as default routes exist. This behaviour may be turned on
with the new RoutesToDNS= option.
* systemd-networkd's VXLAN support gained a new option
GenericProtocolExtension= for enabling VXLAN Generic Protocol
Extension support, as well as IPDoNotFragment= for setting the IP
"Don't fragment" bit on outgoing packets. A similar option has been
added to the GENEVE support.
* In systemd-networkd's [Route] section you may now configure
FastOpenNoCookie= for configuring per-route TCP fast-open support, as
well as TTLPropagate= for configuring Label Switched Path (LSP) TTL
propagation. The Type= setting now supports local, broadcast,
anycast, multicast, any, xresolve routes, too.
* systemd-networkd's [Network] section learnt a new option
DefaultRouteOnDevice= for automatically configuring a default route
onto the network device.
* systemd-networkd's bridging support gained two new options ProxyARP=
and ProxyARPWifi= for configuring proxy ARP behaviour as well as
MulticastRouter= for configuring multicast routing behaviour. A new
option MulticastIGMPVersion= may be used to change bridge's multicast
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version.
* systemd-networkd's FooOverUDP support gained the ability to configure
local and peer IP addresses via Local= and Peer=. A new option
PeerPort= may be used to configure the peer's IP port.
* systemd-networkd's TUN support gained a new setting VnetHeader= for
tweaking Generic Segment Offload support.
* networkctl gained a new "delete" command for removing virtual network
devices, as well as a new "--stats" switch for showing device
statistics.
* networkd.conf gained a new setting SpeedMeter= and
SpeedMeterIntervalSec=, to measure bitrate of network interfaces. The
measured speed may be shown by 'networkctl status'.
* "networkctl status" now displays MTU and queue lengths, and more
detailed information about VXLAN and bridge devices.
* systemd-networkd's .network and .link files gained a new Property=
setting in the [Match] section, to match against devices with
specific udev properties.
* systemd-networkd's tunnel support gained a new option
AssignToLoopback= for selecting whether to use the loopback device
"lo" as underlying device.
* systemd-networkd's MACAddress= setting in the [Neighbor] section has
been renamed to LinkLayerAddress=, and it now allows configuration of
IP addresses, too.
* systemd-networkd's handling of the kernel's disable_ipv6 sysctl is
simplified: systemd-networkd will disable the sysctl (enable IPv6) if
IPv6 configuration (static or DHCPv6) was found for a given
interface. It will not touch the sysctl otherwise.
* The order of entries is $PATH used by the user manager instance was
changed to put bin/ entries before the corresponding sbin/ entries.
It is recommended to not rely on this order, and only ever have one
binary with a given name in the system paths under /usr.
* A new tool systemd-network-generator has been added that may generate
.network, .netdev and .link files from IP configuration specified on
the kernel command line in the format used by Dracut.
* The CriticalConnection= setting in .network files is now deprecated,
and replaced by a new KeepConfiguration= setting which allows more
detailed configuration of the IP configuration to keep in place.
* systemd-analyze gained a few new verbs:
- "systemd-analyze timestamp" parses and converts timestamps. This is
similar to the existing "systemd-analyze calendar" command which
does the same for recurring calendar events.
- "systemd-analyze timespan" parses and converts timespans (i.e.
durations as opposed to points in time).
- "systemd-analyze condition" will parse and test ConditionXYZ=
expressions.
- "systemd-analyze exit-status" will parse and convert exit status
codes to their names and back.
- "systemd-analyze unit-files" will print a list of all unit
file paths and unit aliases.
* SuccessExitStatus=, RestartPreventExitStatus=, and
RestartForceExitStatus= now accept exit status names (e.g. "DATAERR"
is equivalent to "65"). Those exit status name mappings may be
displayed with the systemd-analyze exit-status verb describe above.
* systemd-logind now exposes a per-session SetBrightness() bus call,
which may be used to securely change the brightness of a kernel
brightness device, if it belongs to the session's seat. By using this
call unprivileged clients can make changes to "backlight" and "leds"
devices securely with strict requirements on session membership.
Desktop environments may use this to generically make brightness
changes to such devices without shipping private SUID binaries or
udev rules for that purpose.
* "udevadm info" gained a --wait-for-initialization switch to wait for
a device to be initialized.
* systemd-hibernate-resume-generator will now look for resumeflags= on
the kernel command line, which is similar to rootflags= and may be
used to configure device timeout for the hibernation device.
* sd-event learnt a new API call sd_event_source_disable_unref() for
disabling and unref'ing an event source in a single function. A
related call sd_event_source_disable_unrefp() has been added for use
with gcc's cleanup extension.
* The sd-id128.h public API gained a new definition
SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR for formatting a 128bit ID in UUID format
with printf().
* "busctl introspect" gained a new switch --xml-interface for dumping
XML introspection data unmodified.
* PID 1 may now show the unit name instead of the unit description
string in its status output during boot. This may be configured in
the StatusUnitFormat= setting in /etc/systemd/system.conf or the
kernel command line option systemd.status_unit_format=.
* PID 1 now understands a new option KExecWatchdogSec= in
/etc/systemd/system.conf to set a watchdog timeout for kexec reboots.
Previously watchdog functionality was only available for regular
reboots. The new setting defaults to off, because we don't know in
the general case if the watchdog will be reset after kexec (some
drivers do reset it, but not all), and the new userspace might not be
configured to handle the watchdog.
Moreover, the old ShutdownWatchdogSec= setting has been renamed to
RebootWatchdogSec= to more clearly communicate what it is about. The
old name is still accepted for compatibility.
* The systemd.debug_shell kernel command line option now optionally
takes a tty name to spawn the debug shell on, which allows a
different tty to be selected than the built-in default.
* Service units gained a new ExecCondition= setting which will run
before ExecStartPre= and either continue execution of the unit (for
clean exit codes), stop execution without marking the unit failed
(for exit codes 1 through 254), or stop execution and fail the unit
(for exit code 255 or abnormal termination).
* A new service systemd-pstore.service has been added that pulls data
from /sys/fs/pstore/ and saves it to /var/lib/pstore for later
review.
* timedatectl gained new verbs for configuring per-interface NTP
service configuration for systemd-timesyncd.
* "localectl list-locales" won't list non-UTF-8 locales anymore. It's
2019. (You can set non-UTF-8 locales though, if you know their name.)
* If variable assignments in sysctl.d/ files are prefixed with "-" any
failures to apply them are now ignored.
* systemd-random-seed.service now optionally credits entropy when
applying the seed to the system. Set $SYSTEMD_RANDOM_SEED_CREDIT to
true for the service to enable this behaviour, but please consult the
documentation first, since this comes with a couple of caveats.
* systemd-random-seed.service is now a synchronization point for full
initialization of the kernel's entropy pool. Services that require
/dev/urandom to be correctly initialized should be ordered after this
service.
* The systemd-boot boot loader has been updated to optionally maintain
a random seed file in the EFI System Partition (ESP). During the boot
phase, this random seed is read and updated with a new seed
cryptographically derived from it. Another derived seed is passed to
the OS. The latter seed is then credited to the kernel's entropy pool
very early during userspace initialization (from PID 1). This allows
systems to boot up with a fully initialized kernel entropy pool from
earliest boot on, and thus entirely removes all entropy pool
initialization delays from systems using systemd-boot. Special care
is taken to ensure different seeds are derived on system images
replicated to multiple systems. "bootctl status" will show whether
a seed was received from the boot loader.
* bootctl gained two new verbs:
- "bootctl random-seed" will generate the file in ESP and an EFI
variable to allow a random seed to be passed to the OS as described
above.
- "bootctl is-installed" checks whether systemd-boot is currently
installed.
* bootctl will warn if it detects that boot entries are misconfigured
(for example if the kernel image was removed without purging the
bootloader entry).
* A new document has been added describing systemd's use and support
for the kernel's entropy pool subsystem:
https://systemd.io/RANDOM_SEEDS
* When the system is hibernated the swap device to write the
hibernation image to is now automatically picked from all available
swap devices, preferring the swap device with the highest configured
priority over all others, and picking the device with the most free
space if there are multiple devices with the highest priority.
* /etc/crypttab support has learnt a new keyfile-timeout= per-device
option that permits selecting the timout how long to wait for a
device with an encryption key before asking for the password.
* IOWeight= has learnt to properly set the IO weight when using the
BFQ scheduler officially found in kernels 5.0+.
* A new mailing list has been created for reporting of security issues:
systemd-security@redhat.com. For mode details, see
https://systemd.io/CONTRIBUTING#security-vulnerability-reports.
Contributions from: Aaron Barany, Adrian Bunk, Alan Jenkins, Albrecht
Lohofener, Andrej Valek, Anita Zhang, Arian van Putten, Balint Reczey,
Bastien Nocera, Ben Boeckel, Benjamin Robin, camoz, Chen Qi, Chris
Chiu, Chris Down, Christian Kellner, Clinton Roy, Connor Reeder, Daniel
Black, Daniele Medri, Dan Streetman, Dave Reisner, Dave Ross, David
Art, David Tardon, Debarshi Ray, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominick Grift,
Donald Buczek, Douglas Christman, Eric DeVolder, EtherGraf, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Feldwor, Felix Riemann, Florian Dollinger, Francesco
Pennica, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Franz Pletz, frederik, Hans
de Goede, Iago López Galeiras, Insun Pyo, Ivan Shapovalov, Iwan Timmer,
Jack, Jakob Unterwurzacher, Jan Chren, Jan Klötzke, Jan Losinski, Jan
Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jan-Michael Brummer, Jeka Pats, Jeremy Soller,
Jérémy Rosen, Jiri Pirko, Joe Lin, Joerg Behrmann, Joe Richey, Jóhann
B. Guðmundsson, Johannes Christ, Johannes Schmitz, Jonathan Rouleau,
Jorge Niedbalski, Kai Krakow, Kai Lüke, Karel Zak, Kashyap Chamarthy,
Krayushkin Konstantin, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Luca
Boccassi, Luís Ferreira, Marc-André Lureau, Markus Felten, Martin Pitt,
Matthew Leeds, Mattias Jernberg, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
Michael Prokop, Michael Stapelberg, Michael Zhivich, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Milan Broz, Miroslav Lichvar, mpe85,
Mr-Foo, Network Silence, Oliver Harley, pan93412, Paul Menzel, pEJipE,
Peter A. Bigot, Philip Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Rafael Fontenelle, Roberto
Santalla, Ronan Pigott, root, RussianNeuroMancer, Sebastian Jennen,
shinygold, Shreyas Behera, Simon Schricker, Susant Sahani, Thadeu Lima
de Souza Cascardo, Theo Ouzhinski, Thiebaud Weksteen, Thomas Haller,
Thomas Weißschuh, Tomas Mraz, Tommi Rantala, Topi Miettinen, VD-Lycos,
ven, Wieland Hoffmann, William A. Kennington III, William Wold, Xi
Ruoyao, Yuri Chornoivan, Yu Watanabe, Zach Smith, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei
– Camerino, 2019-09-03
CHANGES WITH 242:
* In .link files, MACAddressPolicy=persistent (the default) is changed
to cover more devices. For devices like bridges, tun, tap, bond, and
similar interfaces that do not have other identifying information,
the interface name is used as the basis for persistent seed for MAC
and IPv4LL addresses. The way that devices that were handled
previously is not changed, and this change is about covering more
devices then previously by the "persistent" policy.
MACAddressPolicy=random may be used to force randomized MACs and
IPv4LL addresses for a device if desired.
Hint: the log output from udev (at debug level) was enhanced to
clarify what policy is followed and which attributes are used.
`SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug udevadm test-builtin net_setup_link /sys/class/net/<name>`
may be used to view this.
Hint: if a bridge interface is created without any slaves, and gains
a slave later, then now the bridge does not inherit slave's MAC.
To inherit slave's MAC, for example, create the following file:
```
# /etc/systemd/network/98-bridge-inherit-mac.link
[Match]
Type=bridge
[Link]
MACAddressPolicy=none
```
* The .device units generated by systemd-fstab-generator and other
generators do not automatically pull in the corresponding .mount unit
as a Wants= dependency. This means that simply plugging in the device
will not cause the mount unit to be started automatically. But please
note that the mount unit may be started for other reasons, in
particular if it is part of local-fs.target, and any unit which
(transitively) depends on local-fs.target is started.
* networkctl list/status/lldp now accept globbing wildcards for network
interface names to match against all existing interfaces.
* The $PIDFILE environment variable is set to point the absolute path
configured with PIDFile= for processes of that service.
* The fallback DNS server list was augmented with Cloudflare public DNS
servers. Use `-Ddns-servers=` to set a different fallback.
* A new special target usb-gadget.target will be started automatically
when a USB Device Controller is detected (which means that the system
is a USB peripheral).
* A new unit setting CPUQuotaPeriodSec= assigns the time period
relatively to which the CPU time quota specified by CPUQuota= is
measured.
* A new unit setting ProtectHostname= may be used to prevent services
from modifying hostname information (even if they otherwise would
have privileges to do so).
* A new unit setting NetworkNamespacePath= may be used to specify a
namespace for service or socket units through a path referring to a
Linux network namespace pseudo-file.
* The PrivateNetwork= setting and JoinsNamespaceOf= dependencies now
have an effect on .socket units: when used the listening socket is
created within the configured network namespace instead of the host
namespace.
* ExecStart= command lines in unit files may now be prefixed with ':'
in which case environment variable substitution is
disabled. (Supported for the other ExecXYZ= settings, too.)
* .timer units gained two new boolean settings OnClockChange= and
OnTimezoneChange= which may be used to also trigger a unit when the
system clock is changed or the local timezone is
modified. systemd-run has been updated to make these options easily
accessible from the command line for transient timers.
* Two new conditions for units have been added: ConditionMemory= may be
used to conditionalize a unit based on installed system
RAM. ConditionCPUs= may be used to conditionalize a unit based on
installed CPU cores.
* The @default system call filter group understood by SystemCallFilter=
has been updated to include the new rseq() system call introduced in
kernel 4.15.
* A new time-set.target has been added that indicates that the system
time has been set from a local source (possibly imprecise). The
existing time-sync.target is stronger and indicates that the time has
been synchronized with a precise external source. Services where
approximate time is sufficient should use the new target.
* "systemctl start" (and related commands) learnt a new
--show-transaction option. If specified brief information about all
jobs queued because of the requested operation is shown.
* systemd-networkd recognizes a new operation state 'enslaved', used
(instead of 'degraded' or 'carrier') for interfaces which form a
bridge, bond, or similar, and an new 'degraded-carrier' operational
state used for the bond or bridge master interface when one of the
enslaved devices is not operational.
* .network files learnt the new IgnoreCarrierLoss= option for leaving
networks configured even if the carrier is lost.
* The RequiredForOnline= setting in .network files may now specify a
minimum operational state required for the interface to be considered
"online" by systemd-networkd-wait-online. Related to this
systemd-networkd-wait-online gained a new option --operational-state=
to configure the same, and its --interface= option was updated to
optionally also take an operational state specific for an interface.
* systemd-networkd-wait-online gained a new setting --any for waiting
for only one of the requested interfaces instead of all of them.
* systemd-networkd now implements L2TP tunnels.
* Two new .network settings UseAutonomousPrefix= and UseOnLinkPrefix=
may be used to cause autonomous and onlink prefixes received in IPv6
Router Advertisements to be ignored.
* New MulticastFlood=, NeighborSuppression=, and Learning= .network
file settings may be used to tweak bridge behaviour.
* The new TripleSampling= option in .network files may be used to
configure CAN triple sampling.
* A new .netdev settings PrivateKeyFile= and PresharedKeyFile= may be
used to point to private or preshared key for a WireGuard interface.
* /etc/crypttab now supports the same-cpu-crypt and
submit-from-crypt-cpus options to tweak encryption work scheduling
details.
* systemd-tmpfiles will now take a BSD file lock before operating on a
contents of directory. This may be used to temporarily exclude
directories from aging by taking the same lock (useful for example
when extracting a tarball into /tmp or /var/tmp as a privileged user,
which might create files with really old timestamps, which
nevertheless should not be deleted). For further details, see:
https://systemd.io/TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES
* systemd-tmpfiles' h line type gained support for the
FS_PROJINHERIT_FL ('P') file attribute (introduced in kernel 4.5),
controlling project quota inheritance.
* sd-boot and bootctl now implement support for an Extended Boot Loader
(XBOOTLDR) partition, that is intended to be mounted to /boot, in
addition to the ESP partition mounted to /efi or /boot/efi.
Configuration file fragments, kernels, initrds and other EFI images
to boot will be loaded from both the ESP and XBOOTLDR partitions.
The XBOOTLDR partition was previously described by the Boot Loader
Specification, but implementation was missing in sd-boot. Support for
this concept allows using the sd-boot boot loader in more
conservative scenarios where the boot loader itself is placed in the
ESP but the kernels to boot (and their metadata) in a separate
partition.
* A system may now be booted with systemd.volatile=overlay on the
kernel command line, which causes the root file system to be set up
an overlayfs mount combining the root-only root directory with a
writable tmpfs. In this setup, the underlying root device is not
modified, and any changes are lost at reboot.
* Similar, systemd-nspawn can now boot containers with a volatile
overlayfs root with the new --volatile=overlay switch.
* systemd-nspawn can now consume OCI runtime bundles using a new
--oci-bundle= option. This implementation is fully usable, with most
features in the specification implemented, but since this a lot of
new code and functionality, this feature should most likely not
be used in production yet.
* systemd-nspawn now supports various options described by the OCI
runtime specification on the command-line and in .nspawn files:
--inaccessible=/Inaccessible= may be used to mask parts of the file
system tree, --console=/--pipe may be used to configure how standard
input, output, and error are set up.
* busctl learned the `emit` verb to generate D-Bus signals.
* systemd-analyze cat-config may be used to gather and display
configuration spread over multiple files, for example system and user
presets, tmpfiles.d, sysusers.d, udev rules, etc.
* systemd-analyze calendar now takes an optional new parameter
--iterations= which may be used to show a maximum number of iterations
the specified expression will elapse next.
* The sd-bus C API gained support for naming method parameters in the
introspection data.
* systemd-logind gained D-Bus APIs to specify the "reboot parameter"
the reboot() system call expects.
* journalctl learnt a new --cursor-file= option that points to a file
from which a cursor should be loaded in the beginning and to which
the updated cursor should be stored at the end.
* ACRN hypervisor and Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) are now
detected by systemd-detect-virt (and may also be used in
ConditionVirtualization=).
* The behaviour of systemd-logind may now be modified with environment
variables $SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_FIRMWARE_SETUP,
$SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_MENU, and
$SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_ENTRY. They cause logind to either
skip the relevant operation completely (when set to false), or to
create a flag file in /run/systemd (when set to true), instead of
actually commencing the real operation when requested. The presence
of /run/systemd/reboot-to-firmware-setup,
/run/systemd/reboot-to-boot-loader-menu, and
/run/systemd/reboot-to-boot-loader-entry, may be used by alternative
boot loader implementations to replace some steps logind performs
during reboot with their own operations.
* systemctl can be used to request a reboot into the boot loader menu
or a specific boot loader entry with the new --boot-load-menu= and
--boot-loader-entry= options to a reboot command. (This requires a
boot loader that supports this, for example sd-boot.)
* kernel-install will no longer unconditionally create the output
directory (e.g. /efi/<machine-id>/<kernel-version>) for boot loader
snippets, but will do only if the machine-specific parent directory
(i.e. /efi/<machine-id>/) already exists. bootctl has been modified
to create this parent directory during sd-boot installation.
This makes it easier to use kernel-install with plugins which support
a different layout of the bootloader partitions (for example grub2).
* During package installation (with `ninja install`), we would create
symlinks for getty@tty1.service, systemd-networkd.service,
systemd-networkd.socket, systemd-resolved.service,
remote-cryptsetup.target, remote-fs.target,
systemd-networkd-wait-online.service, and systemd-timesyncd.service
in /etc, as if `systemctl enable` was called for those units, to make
the system usable immediately after installation. Now this is not
done anymore, and instead calling `systemctl preset-all` is
recommended after the first installation of systemd.
* A new boolean sandboxing option RestrictSUIDSGID= has been added that
is built on seccomp. When turned on creation of SUID/SGID files is
prohibited.
* The NoNewPrivileges= and the new RestrictSUIDSGID= options are now
implied if DynamicUser= is turned on for a service. This hardens
these services, so that they neither can benefit from nor create
SUID/SGID executables. This is a minor compatibility breakage, given
that when DynamicUser= was first introduced SUID/SGID behaviour was
unaffected. However, the security benefit of these two options is
substantial, and the setting is still relatively new, hence we opted
to make it mandatory for services with dynamic users.
Contributions from: Adam Jackson, Alexander Tsoy, Andrey Yashkin,
Andrzej Pietrasiewicz, Anita Zhang, Balint Reczey, Beniamino Galvani,
Ben Iofel, Benjamin Berg, Benjamin Dahlhoff, Chris, Chris Morin,
Christopher Wong, Claudius Ellsel, Clemens Gruber, dana, Daniel Black,
Davide Cavalca, David Michael, David Rheinsberg, emersion, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal,
Giacinto Cifelli, Hans de Goede, Hugo Kindel, Ignat Korchagin, Insun
Pyo, Jan Engelhardt, Jonas Dorel, Jonathan Lebon, Jonathon Kowalski,
Jörg Sommer, Jörg Thalheim, Jussi Pakkanen, Kai-Heng Feng, Lennart
Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Luís Ferreira, Martin Pitt, Matthias
Klumpp, Michael Biebl, Michael Niewöhner, Michael Olbrich, Michal
Sekletar, Mike Lothian, Paul Menzel, Piotr Drąg, Riccardo Schirone,
Robin Elvedi, Roman Kulikov, Ronald Tschalär, Ross Burton, Ryan
Gonzalez, Sebastian Krzyszkowiak, Stephane Chazelas, StKob, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Szabolcs Fruhwald, Taro Yamada, Theo
Ouzhinski, Thomas Haller, Tobias Jungel, Tom Yan, Tony Asleson, Topi
Miettinen, unixsysadmin, Van Laser, Vesa Jääskeläinen, Yu, Li-Yu,
Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Warsaw, 2019-04-11
CHANGES WITH 241:
* The default locale can now be configured at compile time. Otherwise,
a suitable default will be selected automatically (one of C.UTF-8,
en_US.UTF-8, and C).
* The version string shown by systemd and other tools now includes the
git commit hash when built from git. An override may be specified
during compilation, which is intended to be used by distributions to
include the package release information.
* systemd-cat can now filter standard input and standard error streams
for different syslog priorities using the new --stderr-priority=
option.
* systemd-journald and systemd-journal-remote reject entries which
contain too many fields (CVE-2018-16865) and set limits on the
process' command line length (CVE-2018-16864).
* $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is set by pam_systemd
again.
* A new network device NamePolicy "keep" is implemented for link files,
and used by default in 99-default.link (the fallback configuration
provided by systemd). With this policy, if the network device name
was already set by userspace, the device will not be renamed again.
This matches the naming scheme that was implemented before
systemd-240. If naming-scheme < 240 is specified, the "keep" policy
is also enabled by default, even if not specified. Effectively, this
means that if naming-scheme >= 240 is specified, network devices will
be renamed according to the configuration, even if they have been
renamed already, if "keep" is not specified as the naming policy in
the .link file. The 99-default.link file provided by systemd includes
"keep" for backwards compatibility, but it is recommended for user
installed .link files to *not* include it.
The "kernel" policy, which keeps kernel names declared to be
"persistent", now works again as documented.
* kernel-install script now optionally takes the paths to one or more
initrd files, and passes them to all plugins.
* The mincore() system call has been dropped from the @system-service
system call filter group, as it is pretty exotic and may potentially
used for side-channel attacks.
* -fPIE is dropped from compiler and linker options. Please specify
-Db_pie=true option to meson to build position-independent
executables. Note that the meson option is supported since meson-0.49.
* The fs.protected_regular and fs.protected_fifos sysctls, which were
added in Linux 4.19 to make some data spoofing attacks harder, are
now enabled by default. While this will hopefully improve the
security of most installations, it is technically a backwards
incompatible change; to disable these sysctls again, place the
following lines in /etc/sysctl.d/60-protected.conf or a similar file:
fs.protected_regular = 0
fs.protected_fifos = 0
Note that the similar hardlink and symlink protection has been
enabled since v199, and may be disabled likewise.
* The files read from the EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now
parse backslashes inside quotes literally, matching the behaviour of
POSIX shells.
* udevadm trigger, udevadm control, udevadm settle and udevadm monitor
now automatically become NOPs when run in a chroot() environment.
* The tmpfiles.d/ "C" line type will now copy directory trees not only
when the destination is so far missing, but also if it already exists
as a directory and is empty. This is useful to cater for systems
where directory trees are put together from multiple separate mount
points but otherwise empty.
* A new function sd_bus_close_unref() (and the associated
sd_bus_close_unrefp()) has been added to libsystemd, that combines
sd_bus_close() and sd_bus_unref() in one.
* udevadm control learnt a new option for --ping for testing whether a
systemd-udevd instance is running and reacting.
* udevadm trigger learnt a new option for --wait-daemon for waiting
systemd-udevd daemon to be initialized.
Contributions from: Aaron Plattner, Alberts Muktupāvels, Alex Mayer,
Ayman Bagabas, Beniamino Galvani, Burt P, Chris Down, Chris Lamb, Chris
Morin, Christian Hesse, Claudius Ellsel, dana, Daniel Axtens, Daniele
Medri, Dave Reisner, David Santamaría Rogado, Diego Canuhe, Dimitri
John Ledkov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Filipe
Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, govwin, Hans de Goede,
James Hilliard, Jan Engelhardt, Jani Uusitalo, Jan Janssen, Jan
Synacek, Jonathan McDowell, Jonathan Roemer, Jonathon Kowalski, Joost
Heitbrink, Jörg Thalheim, Lance, Lennart Poettering, Louis Taylor,
Lucas Werkmeister, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
marvelousblack, Michael Biebl, Michael Sloan, Michal Sekletar, Mike
Auty, Mike Gilbert, Mikhail Kasimov, Neil Brown, Niklas Hambüchen,
Patrick Williams, Paul Seyfert, Peter Hutterer, Philip Withnall, Roger
James, Ronnie P. Thomas, Ryan Gonzalez, Sam Morris, Stephan Edel,
Stephan Gerhold, Susant Sahani, Taro Yamada, Thomas Haller, Topi
Miettinen, YiFei Zhu, YmrDtnJu, YunQiang Su, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, zsergeant77, Дамјан Георгиевски
— Berlin, 2019-02-14
CHANGES WITH 240:
* NoNewPrivileges=yes has been set for all long-running services
implemented by systemd. Previously, this was problematic due to
SELinux (as this would also prohibit the transition from PID1's label
to the service's label). This restriction has since been lifted, but
an SELinux policy update is required.
(See e.g. https://github.com/fedora-selinux/selinux-policy/pull/234.)
* DynamicUser=yes is dropped from systemd-networkd.service,
systemd-resolved.service and systemd-timesyncd.service, which was
enabled in v239 for systemd-networkd.service and systemd-resolved.service,
and since v236 for systemd-timesyncd.service. The users and groups
systemd-network, systemd-resolve and systemd-timesync are created
by systemd-sysusers again. Distributors or system administrators
may need to create these users and groups if they not exist (or need
to re-enable DynamicUser= for those units) while upgrading systemd.
Also, the clock file for systemd-timesyncd may need to move from
/var/lib/private/systemd/timesync/clock to /var/lib/systemd/timesync/clock.
* When unit files are loaded from disk, previously systemd would
sometimes (depending on the unit loading order) load units from the
target path of symlinks in .wants/ or .requires/ directories of other
units. This meant that unit could be loaded from different paths
depending on whether the unit was requested explicitly or as a
dependency of another unit, not honouring the priority of directories
in search path. It also meant that it was possible to successfully
load and start units which are not found in the unit search path, as
long as they were requested as a dependency and linked to from
.wants/ or .requires/. The target paths of those symlinks are not
used for loading units anymore and the unit file must be found in
the search path.
* A new service type has been added: Type=exec. It's very similar to
Type=simple but ensures the service manager will wait for both fork()
and execve() of the main service binary to complete before proceeding
with follow-up units. This is primarily useful so that the manager
propagates any errors in the preparation phase of service execution
back to the job that requested the unit to be started. For example,
consider a service that has ExecStart= set to a file system binary
that doesn't exist. With Type=simple starting the unit would be
considered instantly successful, as only fork() has to complete
successfully and the manager does not wait for execve(), and hence
its failure is seen "too late". With the new Type=exec service type
starting the unit will fail, as the manager will wait for the
execve() and notice its failure, which is then propagated back to the
start job.
NOTE: with the next release 241 of systemd we intend to change the
systemd-run tool to default to Type=exec for transient services
started by it. This should be mostly safe, but in specific corner
cases might result in problems, as the systemd-run tool will then
block on NSS calls (such as user name look-ups due to User=) done
between the fork() and execve(), which under specific circumstances
might cause problems. It is recommended to specify "-p Type=simple"
explicitly in the few cases where this applies. For regular,
non-transient services (i.e. those defined with unit files on disk)
we will continue to default to Type=simple.
* The Linux kernel's current default RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit for
userspace processes is set to 1024 (soft) and 4096
(hard). Previously, systemd passed this on unmodified to all
processes it forked off. With this systemd release the hard limit
systemd passes on is increased to 512K, overriding the kernel's
defaults and substantially increasing the number of simultaneous file
descriptors unprivileged userspace processes can allocate. Note that
the soft limit remains at 1024 for compatibility reasons: the
traditional UNIX select() call cannot deal with file descriptors >=
1024 and increasing the soft limit globally might thus result in
programs unexpectedly allocating a high file descriptor and thus
failing abnormally when attempting to use it with select() (of
course, programs shouldn't use select() anymore, and prefer
poll()/epoll, but the call unfortunately remains undeservedly popular
at this time). This change reflects the fact that file descriptor
handling in the Linux kernel has been optimized in more recent
kernels and allocating large numbers of them should be much cheaper
both in memory and in performance than it used to be. Programs that
want to take benefit of the increased limit have to "opt-in" into
high file descriptors explicitly by raising their soft limit. Of
course, when they do that they must acknowledge that they cannot use
select() anymore (and neither can any shared library they use — or
any shared library used by any shared library they use and so on).
Which default hard limit is most appropriate is of course hard to
decide. However, given reports that ~300K file descriptors are used
in real-life applications we believe 512K is sufficiently high as new
default for now. Note that there are also reports that using very
high hard limits (e.g. 1G) is problematic: some software allocates
large arrays with one element for each potential file descriptor
(Java, …) — a high hard limit thus triggers excessively large memory
allocations in these applications. Hopefully, the new default of 512K
is a good middle ground: higher than what real-life applications
currently need, and low enough for avoid triggering excessively large
allocations in problematic software. (And yes, somebody should fix
Java.)
* The fs.nr_open and fs.file-max sysctls are now automatically bumped
to the highest possible values, as separate accounting of file
descriptors is no longer necessary, as memcg tracks them correctly as
part of the memory accounting anyway. Thus, from the four limits on
file descriptors currently enforced (fs.file-max, fs.nr_open,
RLIMIT_NOFILE hard, RLIMIT_NOFILE soft) we turn off the first two,
and keep only the latter two. A set of build-time options
(-Dbump-proc-sys-fs-file-max=false and -Dbump-proc-sys-fs-nr-open=false)
has been added to revert this change in behaviour, which might be
an option for systems that turn off memcg in the kernel.
* When no /etc/locale.conf file exists (and hence no locale settings
are in place), systemd will now use the "C.UTF-8" locale by default,
and set LANG= to it. This locale is supported by various
distributions including Fedora, with clear indications that upstream
glibc is going to make it available too. This locale enables UTF-8
mode by default, which appears appropriate for 2018.
* The "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter" sysctl will now be set to 2 by
default. This effectively switches the RFC3704 Reverse Path filtering
from Strict mode to Loose mode. This is more appropriate for hosts
that have multiple links with routes to the same networks (e.g.
a client with a Wi-Fi and Ethernet both connected to the internet).
Consult the kernel documentation for details on this sysctl:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
* CPUAccounting=yes no longer enables the CPU controller when using
kernel 4.15+ and the unified cgroup hierarchy, as required accounting
statistics are now provided independently from the CPU controller.
* Support for disabling a particular cgroup controller within a sub-tree
has been added through the DisableControllers= directive.
* cgroup_no_v1=all on the kernel command line now also implies
using the unified cgroup hierarchy, unless one explicitly passes
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0 on the kernel command line.
* The new "MemoryMin=" unit file property may now be used to set the
memory usage protection limit of processes invoked by the unit. This
controls the cgroup v2 memory.min attribute. Similarly, the new
"IODeviceLatencyTargetSec=" property has been added, wrapping the new
cgroup v2 io.latency cgroup property for configuring per-service I/O
latency.
* systemd now supports the cgroup v2 devices BPF logic, as counterpart
to the cgroup v1 "devices" cgroup controller.
* systemd-escape now is able to combine --unescape with --template. It
also learnt a new option --instance for extracting and unescaping the
instance part of a unit name.
* sd-bus now provides the sd_bus_message_readv() which is similar to
sd_bus_message_read() but takes a va_list object. The pair
sd_bus_set_method_call_timeout() and sd_bus_get_method_call_timeout()
has been added for configuring the default method call timeout to
use. sd_bus_error_move() may be used to efficiently move the contents
from one sd_bus_error structure to another, invalidating the
source. sd_bus_set_close_on_exit() and sd_bus_get_close_on_exit() may
be used to control whether a bus connection object is automatically
flushed when an sd-event loop is exited.
* When processing classic BSD syslog log messages, journald will now
save the original time-stamp string supplied in the new
SYSLOG_TIMESTAMP= journal field. This permits consumers to
reconstruct the original BSD syslog message more correctly.
* StandardOutput=/StandardError= in service files gained support for
new "append:…" parameters, for connecting STDOUT/STDERR of a service
to a file, and appending to it.
* The signal to use as last step of killing of unit processes is now
configurable. Previously it was hard-coded to SIGKILL, which may now
be overridden with the new KillSignal= setting. Note that this is the
signal used when regular termination (i.e. SIGTERM) does not suffice.
Similarly, the signal used when aborting a program in case of a
watchdog timeout may now be configured too (WatchdogSignal=).
* The XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP environment variable may now be configured in
the pam_systemd argument line, using the new desktop= switch. This is
useful to initialize it properly from a display manager without
having to touch C code.
* Most configuration options that previously accepted percentage values
now also accept permille values with the '‰' suffix (instead of '%').
* systemd-resolved may now optionally use OpenSSL instead of GnuTLS for
DNS-over-TLS.
* systemd-resolved's configuration file resolved.conf gained a new
option ReadEtcHosts= which may be used to turn off processing and
honoring /etc/hosts entries.
* The "--wait" switch may now be passed to "systemctl
is-system-running", in which case the tool will synchronously wait
until the system finished start-up.
* hostnamed gained a new bus call to determine the DMI product UUID.
* On x86-64 systemd will now prefer using the RDRAND processor
instruction over /dev/urandom whenever it requires randomness that
neither has to be crypto-grade nor should be reproducible. This
should substantially reduce the amount of entropy systemd requests
from the kernel during initialization on such systems, though not
reduce it to zero. (Why not zero? systemd still needs to allocate
UUIDs and such uniquely, which require high-quality randomness.)
* networkd gained support for Foo-Over-UDP, ERSPAN and ISATAP
tunnels. It also gained a new option ForceDHCPv6PDOtherInformation=
for forcing the "Other Information" bit in IPv6 RA messages. The
bonding logic gained four new options AdActorSystemPriority=,
AdUserPortKey=, AdActorSystem= for configuring various 802.3ad
aspects, and DynamicTransmitLoadBalancing= for enabling dynamic
shuffling of flows. The tunnel logic gained a new
IPv6RapidDeploymentPrefix= option for configuring IPv6 Rapid
Deployment. The policy rule logic gained four new options IPProtocol=,
SourcePort= and DestinationPort=, InvertRule=. The bridge logic gained
support for the MulticastToUnicast= option. networkd also gained
support for configuring static IPv4 ARP or IPv6 neighbor entries.
* .preset files (as read by 'systemctl preset') may now be used to
instantiate services.
* /etc/crypttab now understands the sector-size= option to configure
the sector size for an encrypted partition.
* Key material for encrypted disks may now be placed on a formatted
medium, and referenced from /etc/crypttab by the UUID of the file
system, followed by "=" suffixed by the path to the key file.
* The "collect" udev component has been removed without replacement, as
it is neither used nor maintained.
* When the RuntimeDirectory=, StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=,
LogsDirectory=, ConfigurationDirectory= settings are used in a
service the executed processes will now receive a set of environment
variables containing the full paths of these directories.
Specifically, RUNTIME_DIRECTORY=, STATE_DIRECTORY, CACHE_DIRECTORY,
LOGS_DIRECTORY, CONFIGURATION_DIRECTORY are now set if these options
are used. Note that these options may be used multiple times per
service in which case the resulting paths will be concatenated and
separated by colons.
* Predictable interface naming has been extended to cover InfiniBand
NICs. They will be exposed with an "ib" prefix.
* tmpfiles.d/ line types may now be suffixed with a '-' character, in
which case the respective line failing is ignored.
* .link files may now be used to configure the equivalent to the
"ethtool advertise" commands.
* The sd-device.h and sd-hwdb.h APIs are now exported, as an
alternative to libudev.h. Previously, the latter was just an internal
wrapper around the former, but now these two APIs are exposed
directly.
* sd-id128.h gained a new function sd_id128_get_boot_app_specific()
which calculates an app-specific boot ID similar to how
sd_id128_get_machine_app_specific() generates an app-specific machine
ID.
* A new tool systemd-id128 has been added that can be used to determine
and generate various 128bit IDs.
* /etc/os-release gained two new standardized fields DOCUMENTATION_URL=
and LOGO=.
* systemd-hibernate-resume-generator will now honor the "noresume"
kernel command line option, in which case it will bypass resuming
from any hibernated image.
* The systemd-sleep.conf configuration file gained new options
AllowSuspend=, AllowHibernation=, AllowSuspendThenHibernate=,
AllowHybridSleep= for prohibiting specific sleep modes even if the
kernel exports them.
* portablectl is now officially supported and has thus moved to
/usr/bin/.
* bootctl learnt the two new commands "set-default" and "set-oneshot"
for setting the default boot loader item to boot to (either
persistently or only for the next boot). This is currently only
compatible with sd-boot, but may be implemented on other boot loaders
too, that follow the boot loader interface. The updated interface is
now documented here:
https://systemd.io/BOOT_LOADER_INTERFACE
* A new kernel command line option systemd.early_core_pattern= is now
understood which may be used to influence the core_pattern PID 1
installs during early boot.
* busctl learnt two new options -j and --json= for outputting method
call replies, properties and monitoring output in JSON.
* journalctl's JSON output now supports simple ANSI coloring as well as
a new "json-seq" mode for generating RFC7464 output.
* Unit files now support the %g/%G specifiers that resolve to the UNIX
group/GID of the service manager runs as, similar to the existing
%u/%U specifiers that resolve to the UNIX user/UID.
* systemd-logind learnt a new global configuration option
UserStopDelaySec= that may be set in logind.conf. It specifies how
long the systemd --user instance shall remain started after a user
logs out. This is useful to speed up repetitive re-connections of the
same user, as it means the user's service manager doesn't have to be
stopped/restarted on each iteration, but can be reused between
subsequent options. This setting defaults to 10s. systemd-logind also
exports two new properties on its Manager D-Bus objects indicating
whether the system's lid is currently closed, and whether the system
is on AC power.
* systemd gained support for a generic boot counting logic, which
generically permits automatic reverting to older boot loader entries
if newer updated ones don't work. The boot loader side is implemented
in sd-boot, but is kept open for other boot loaders too. For details
see:
https://systemd.io/AUTOMATIC_BOOT_ASSESSMENT
* The SuccessAction=/FailureAction= unit file settings now learnt two
new parameters: "exit" and "exit-force", which result in immediate
exiting of the service manager, and are only useful in systemd --user
and container environments.
* Unit files gained support for a pair of options
FailureActionExitStatus=/SuccessActionExitStatus= for configuring the
exit status to use as service manager exit status when
SuccessAction=/FailureAction= is set to exit or exit-force.
* A pair of LogRateLimitIntervalSec=/LogRateLimitBurst= per-service
options may now be used to configure the log rate limiting applied by
journald per-service.
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "timespan" for parsing and
normalizing time span values (i.e. strings like "5min 7s 8us").
* systemd-analyze also gained a new verb "security" for analyzing the
security and sand-boxing settings of services in order to determine an
"exposure level" for them, indicating whether a service would benefit
from more sand-boxing options turned on for them.
* "systemd-analyze syscall-filter" will now also show system calls
supported by the local kernel but not included in any of the defined
groups.
* .nspawn files now understand the Ephemeral= setting, matching the
--ephemeral command line switch.
* sd-event gained the new APIs sd_event_source_get_floating() and
sd_event_source_set_floating() for controlling whether a specific
event source is "floating", i.e. destroyed along with the even loop
object itself.
* Unit objects on D-Bus gained a new "Refs" property that lists all
clients that currently have a reference on the unit (to ensure it is
not unloaded).
* The JoinControllers= option in system.conf is no longer supported, as
it didn't work correctly, is hard to support properly, is legacy (as
the concept only exists on cgroup v1) and apparently wasn't used.
* Journal messages that are generated whenever a unit enters the failed
state are now tagged with a unique MESSAGE_ID. Similarly, messages
generated whenever a service process exits are now made recognizable,
too. A tagged message is also emitted whenever a unit enters the
"dead" state on success.
* systemd-run gained a new switch --working-directory= for configuring
the working directory of the service to start. A shortcut -d is
equivalent, setting the working directory of the service to the
current working directory of the invoking program. The new --shell
(or just -S) option has been added for invoking the $SHELL of the
caller as a service, and implies --pty --same-dir --wait --collect
--service-type=exec. Or in other words, "systemd-run -S" is now the
quickest way to quickly get an interactive in a fully clean and
well-defined system service context.
* machinectl gained a new verb "import-fs" for importing an OS tree
from a directory. Moreover, when a directory or tarball is imported
and single top-level directory found with the OS itself below the OS
tree is automatically mangled and moved one level up.
* systemd-importd will no longer set up an implicit btrfs loop-back
file system on /var/lib/machines. If one is already set up, it will
continue to be used.
* A new generator "systemd-run-generator" has been added. It will
synthesize a unit from one or more program command lines included in
the kernel command line. This is very useful in container managers
for example:
# systemd-nspawn -i someimage.raw -b systemd.run='"some command line"'
This will run "systemd-nspawn" on an image, invoke the specified
command line and immediately shut down the container again, returning
the command line's exit code.
* The block device locking logic is now documented:
https://systemd.io/BLOCK_DEVICE_LOCKING
* loginctl and machinectl now optionally output the various tables in
JSON using the --output= switch. It is our intention to add similar
support to systemctl and all other commands.
* udevadm's query and trigger verb now optionally take a .device unit
name as argument.
* systemd-udevd's network naming logic now understands a new
net.naming-scheme= kernel command line switch, which may be used to
pick a specific version of the naming scheme. This helps stabilizing
interface names even as systemd/udev are updated and the naming logic
is improved.
* sd-id128.h learnt two new auxiliary helpers: sd_id128_is_allf() and
SD_ID128_ALLF to test if a 128bit ID is set to all 0xFF bytes, and to
initialize one to all 0xFF.
* After loading the SELinux policy systemd will now recursively relabel
all files and directories listed in
/run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/*.relabel (which should be simple
newline separated lists of paths) in addition to the ones it already
implicitly relabels in /run, /dev and /sys. After the relabelling is
completed the *.relabel files (and /run/systemd/relabel-extra.d/) are
removed. This is useful to permit initrds (i.e. code running before
the SELinux policy is in effect) to generate files in the host
filesystem safely and ensure that the correct label is applied during
the transition to the host OS.
* KERNEL API BREAKAGE: Linux kernel 4.18 changed behaviour regarding
mknod() handling in user namespaces. Previously mknod() would always
fail with EPERM in user namespaces. Since 4.18 mknod() will succeed
but device nodes generated that way cannot be opened, and attempts to
open them result in EPERM. This breaks the "graceful fallback" logic
in systemd's PrivateDevices= sand-boxing option. This option is
implemented defensively, so that when systemd detects it runs in a
restricted environment (such as a user namespace, or an environment
where mknod() is blocked through seccomp or absence of CAP_SYS_MKNOD)
where device nodes cannot be created the effect of PrivateDevices= is
bypassed (following the logic that 2nd-level sand-boxing is not
essential if the system systemd runs in is itself already sand-boxed
as a whole). This logic breaks with 4.18 in container managers where
user namespacing is used: suddenly PrivateDevices= succeeds setting
up a private /dev/ file system containing devices nodes — but when
these are opened they don't work.
At this point it is recommended that container managers utilizing
user namespaces that intend to run systemd in the payload explicitly
block mknod() with seccomp or similar, so that the graceful fallback
logic works again.
We are very sorry for the breakage and the requirement to change
container configurations for newer kernels. It's purely caused by an
incompatible kernel change. The relevant kernel developers have been
notified about this userspace breakage quickly, but they chose to
ignore it.
* PermissionsStartOnly= setting is deprecated (but is still supported
for backwards compatibility). The same functionality is provided by
the more flexible "+", "!", and "!!" prefixes to ExecStart= and other
commands.
* $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable is not set by
pam_systemd anymore.
* The naming scheme for network devices was changed to always rename
devices, even if they were already renamed by userspace. The "kernel"
policy was changed to only apply as a fallback, if no other naming
policy took effect.
* The requirements to build systemd is bumped to meson-0.46 and
python-3.5.
Contributions from: afg, Alan Jenkins, Aleksei Timofeyev, Alexander
Filippov, Alexander Kurtz, Alexey Bogdanenko, Andreas Henriksson,
Andrew Jorgensen, Anita Zhang, apnix-uk, Arkan49, Arseny Maslennikov,
asavah, Asbjørn Apeland, aszlig, Bastien Nocera, Ben Boeckel, Benedikt
Morbach, Benjamin Berg, Bruce Zhang, Carlo Caione, Cedric Viou, Chen
Qi, Chris Chiu, Chris Down, Chris Morin, Christian Rebischke, Claudius
Ellsel, Colin Guthrie, dana, Daniel, Daniele Medri, Daniel Kahn
Gillmor, Daniel Rusek, Daniel van Vugt, Dariusz Gadomski, Dave Reisner,
David Anderson, Davide Cavalca, David Leeds, David Malcolm, David
Strauss, David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Torokhov, dj-kaktus,
Dongsu Park, Elias Probst, Emil Soleyman, Erik Kooistra, Ervin Peters,
Evgeni Golov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabrice Fontaine, Faheel Ahmad,
Faizal Luthfi, Felix Yan, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Frank
Schaefer, Frantisek Sumsal, Gautier Husson, Gianluca Boiano, Giuseppe
Scrivano, glitsj16, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Harry Mallon, Harshit
Jain, Helmut Grohne, Henry Tung, Hui Yiqun, imayoda, Insun Pyo, Iwan
Timmer, Jan Janssen, Jan Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Jason A. Donenfeld,
javitoom, Jérémy Nouhaud, Jeremy Su, Jiuyang Liu, João Paulo Rechi
Vita, Joe Hershberger, Joe Rayhawk, Joerg Behrmann, Joerg Steffens,
Jonas Dorel, Jon Ringle, Josh Soref, Julian Andres Klode, Jun Bo Bi,
Jürg Billeter, Keith Busch, Khem Raj, Kirill Marinushkin, Larry
Bernstone, Lennart Poettering, Lion Yang, Li Song, Lorenz
Hübschle-Schneider, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas Werkmeister, Ludwin Janvier,
Lukáš Nykrýn, Luke Shumaker, mal, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcin
Skarbek, Marco Trevisan (Treviño), Marian Cepok, Mario Hros, Marko
Myllynen, Markus Grimm, Martin Pitt, Martin Sobotka, Martin Wilck,
Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre, Matthew Leeds, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
Michael 'pbone' Pobega, Michael Scherer, Michal Koutný, Michal
Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Mike Gilbert, Mike Palmer, Muhammet Kara, Neal
Gompa, Neil Brown, Network Silence, Niklas Tibbling, Nikolas Nyby,
Nogisaka Sadata, Oliver Smith, Patrik Flykt, Pavel Hrdina, Paweł
Szewczyk, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, Ray Strode, Reinhold Mueller,
Renaud Métrich, Roman Gushchin, Ronny Chevalier, Rubén Suárez Alvarez,
Ruixin Bao, RussianNeuroMancer, Ryutaroh Matsumoto, Saleem Rashid, Sam
Morris, Samuel Morris, Sandy Carter, scootergrisen, Sébastien Bacher,
Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shengyao Xue, Shih-Yuan Lee
(FourDollars), Silvio Knizek, Sjoerd Simons, Stasiek Michalski, Stephen
Gallagher, Steven Allen, Steve Ramage, Susant Sahani, Sven Joachim,
Sylvain Plantefève, Tanu Kaskinen, Tejun Heo, Thiago Macieira, Thomas
Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tim Ruffing, TJ, Tobias
Jungel, Todd Walton, Tommi Rantala, Tomsod M, Tony Novak, Tore
Anderson, Trevonn, Victor Laskurain, Victor Tapia, Violet Halo, Vojtech
Trefny, welaq, William A. Kennington III, William Douglas, Wyatt Ward,
Xiang Fan, Xi Ruoyao, Xuanwo, Yann E. Morin, YmrDtnJu, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zhang Xianwei, Zsolt Dollenstein
— Warsaw, 2018-12-21
CHANGES WITH 239:
* NETWORK INTERFACE DEVICE NAMING CHANGES: systemd-udevd's "net_id"
builtin will name network interfaces differently than in previous
versions for virtual network interfaces created with SR-IOV and NPAR
and for devices where the PCI network controller device does not have
a slot number associated.
SR-IOV virtual devices are now named based on the name of the parent
interface, with a suffix of "v<N>", where <N> is the virtual device
number. Previously those virtual devices were named as if completely
independent.
The ninth and later NPAR virtual devices will be named following the
scheme used for the first eight NPAR partitions. Previously those
devices were not renamed and the kernel default (eth<n>) was used.
"net_id" will also generate names for PCI devices where the PCI
network controller device does not have an associated slot number
itself, but one of its parents does. Previously those devices were
not renamed and the kernel default (eth<n>) was used.
* AF_INET and AF_INET6 are dropped from RestrictAddressFamilies= in
systemd-logind.service. Since v235, IPAddressDeny=any has been set to
the unit. So, it is expected that the default behavior of
systemd-logind is not changed. However, if distribution packagers or
administrators disabled or modified IPAddressDeny= setting by a
drop-in config file, then it may be necessary to update the file to
re-enable AF_INET and AF_INET6 to support network user name services,
e.g. NIS.
* When the RestrictNamespaces= unit property is specified multiple
times, then the specified types are merged now. Previously, only the
last assignment was used. So, if distribution packagers or
administrators modified the setting by a drop-in config file, then it
may be necessary to update the file.
* When OnFailure= is used in combination with Restart= on a service
unit, then the specified units will no longer be triggered on
failures that result in restarting. Previously, the specified units
would be activated each time the unit failed, even when the unit was
going to be restarted automatically. This behaviour contradicted the
documentation. With this release the code is adjusted to match the
documentation.
* systemd-tmpfiles will now print a notice whenever it encounters
tmpfiles.d/ lines referencing the /var/run/ directory. It will
recommend reworking them to use the /run/ directory instead (for
which /var/run/ is simply a symlinked compatibility alias). This way
systemd-tmpfiles can properly detect line conflicts and merge lines
referencing the same file by two paths, without having to access
them.
* systemctl disable/unmask/preset/preset-all cannot be used with
--runtime. Previously this was allowed, but resulted in unintuitive
behaviour that wasn't useful. systemctl disable/unmask will now undo
both runtime and persistent enablement/masking, i.e. it will remove
any relevant symlinks both in /run and /etc.
* Note that all long-running system services shipped with systemd will
now default to a system call whitelist (rather than a blacklist, as
before). In particular, systemd-udevd will now enforce one too. For
most cases this should be safe, however downstream distributions
which disabled sandboxing of systemd-udevd (specifically the
MountFlags= setting), might want to disable this security feature
too, as the default whitelisting will prohibit all mount, swap,
reboot and clock changing operations from udev rules.
* sd-boot acquired new loader configuration settings to optionally turn
off Windows and MacOS boot partition discovery as well as
reboot-into-firmware menu items. It is also able to pick a better
screen resolution for HiDPI systems, and now provides loader
configuration settings to change the resolution explicitly.
* systemd-resolved now supports DNS-over-TLS. It's still
turned off by default, use DNSOverTLS=opportunistic to turn it on in
resolved.conf. We intend to make this the default as soon as couple
of additional techniques for optimizing the initial latency caused by
establishing a TLS/TCP connection are implemented.
* systemd-resolved.service and systemd-networkd.service now set
DynamicUser=yes. The users systemd-resolve and systemd-network are
not created by systemd-sysusers anymore.
NOTE: This has a chance of breaking nss-ldap and similar NSS modules
that embed a network facing module into any process using getpwuid()
or related call: the dynamic allocation of the user ID for
systemd-resolved.service means the service manager has to check NSS
if the user name is already taken when forking off the service. Since
the user in the common case won't be defined in /etc/passwd the
lookup is likely to trigger nss-ldap which in turn might use NSS to
ask systemd-resolved for hostname lookups. This will hence result in
a deadlock: a user name lookup in order to start
systemd-resolved.service will result in a host name lookup for which
systemd-resolved.service needs to be started already. There are
multiple ways to work around this problem: pre-allocate the
"systemd-resolve" user on such systems, so that nss-ldap won't be
triggered; or use a different NSS package that doesn't do networking
in-process but provides a local asynchronous name cache; or configure
the NSS package to avoid lookups for UIDs in the range `pkg-config
systemd --variable=dynamicuidmin` … `pkg-config systemd
--variable=dynamicuidmax`, so that it does not consider itself
authoritative for the same UID range systemd allocates dynamic users
from.
* The systemd-resolve tool has been renamed to resolvectl (it also
remains available under the old name, for compatibility), and its
interface is now verb-based, similar in style to the other <xyz>ctl
tools, such as systemctl or loginctl.
* The resolvectl/systemd-resolve tool also provides 'resolvconf'
compatibility. It may be symlinked under the 'resolvconf' name, in
which case it will take arguments and input compatible with the
Debian and FreeBSD resolvconf tool.
* Support for suspend-then-hibernate has been added, i.e. a sleep mode
where the system initially suspends, and after a timeout resumes and
hibernates again.
* networkd's ClientIdentifier= now accepts a new option "duid-only". If
set the client will only send a DUID as client identifier.
* The nss-systemd glibc NSS module will now enumerate dynamic users and
groups in effect. Previously, it could resolve UIDs/GIDs to user
names/groups and vice versa, but did not support enumeration.
* journald's Compress= configuration setting now optionally accepts a
byte threshold value. All journal objects larger than this threshold
will be compressed, smaller ones will not. Previously this threshold
was not configurable and set to 512.
* A new system.conf setting NoNewPrivileges= is now available which may
be used to turn off acquisition of new privileges system-wide
(i.e. set Linux' PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS for PID 1 itself, and thus also
for all its children). Note that turning this option on means setuid
binaries and file system capabilities lose their special powers.
While turning on this option is a big step towards a more secure
system, doing so is likely to break numerous pre-existing UNIX tools,
in particular su and sudo.
* A new service systemd-time-sync-wait.service has been added. If
enabled it will delay the time-sync.target unit at boot until time
synchronization has been received from the network. This
functionality is useful on systems lacking a local RTC or where it is
acceptable that the boot process shall be delayed by external network
services.
* When hibernating, systemd will now inform the kernel of the image
write offset, on kernels new enough to support this. This means swap
files should work for hibernation now.
* When loading unit files, systemd will now look for drop-in unit files
extensions in additional places. Previously, for a unit file name
"foo-bar-baz.service" it would look for dropin files in
"foo-bar-baz.service.d/*.conf". Now, it will also look in
"foo-bar-.service.d/*.conf" and "foo-.service.d/", i.e. at the
service name truncated after all inner dashes. This scheme allows
writing drop-ins easily that apply to a whole set of unit files at
once. It's particularly useful for mount and slice units (as their
naming is prefix based), but is also useful for service and other
units, for packages that install multiple unit files at once,
following a strict naming regime of beginning the unit file name with
the package's name. Two new specifiers are now supported in unit
files to match this: %j and %J are replaced by the part of the unit
name following the last dash.
* Unit files and other configuration files that support specifier
expansion now understand another three new specifiers: %T and %V will
resolve to /tmp and /var/tmp respectively, or whatever temporary
directory has been set for the calling user. %E will expand to either
/etc (for system units) or $XDG_CONFIG_HOME (for user units).
* The ExecStart= lines of unit files are no longer required to
reference absolute paths. If non-absolute paths are specified the
specified binary name is searched within the service manager's
built-in $PATH, which may be queried with 'systemd-path
search-binaries-default'. It's generally recommended to continue to
use absolute paths for all binaries specified in unit files.
* Units gained a new load state "bad-setting", which is used when a
unit file was loaded, but contained fatal errors which prevent it
from being started (for example, a service unit has been defined
lacking both ExecStart= and ExecStop= lines).
* coredumpctl's "gdb" verb has been renamed to "debug", in order to
support alternative debuggers, for example lldb. The old name
continues to be available however, for compatibility reasons. Use the
new --debugger= switch or the $SYSTEMD_DEBUGGER environment variable
to pick an alternative debugger instead of the default gdb.
* systemctl and the other tools will now output escape sequences that
generate proper clickable hyperlinks in various terminal emulators
where useful (for example, in the "systemctl status" output you can
now click on the unit file name to quickly open it in the
editor/viewer of your choice). Note that not all terminal emulators
support this functionality yet, but many do. Unfortunately, the
"less" pager doesn't support this yet, hence this functionality is
currently automatically turned off when a pager is started (which
happens quite often due to auto-paging). We hope to remove this
limitation as soon as "less" learns these escape sequences. This new
behaviour may also be turned off explicitly with the $SYSTEMD_URLIFY
environment variable. For details on these escape sequences see:
https://gist.github.com/egmontkob/eb114294efbcd5adb1944c9f3cb5feda
* networkd's .network files now support a new IPv6MTUBytes= option for
setting the MTU used by IPv6 explicitly as well as a new MTUBytes=
option in the [Route] section to configure the MTU to use for
specific routes. It also gained support for configuration of the DHCP
"UserClass" option through the new UserClass= setting. It gained
three new options in the new [CAN] section for configuring CAN
networks. The MULTICAST and ALLMULTI interface flags may now be
controlled explicitly with the new Multicast= and AllMulticast=
settings.
* networkd will now automatically make use of the kernel's route
expiration feature, if it is available.
* udevd's .link files now support setting the number of receive and
transmit channels, using the RxChannels=, TxChannels=,
OtherChannels=, CombinedChannels= settings.
* Support for UDPSegmentationOffload= has been removed, given its
limited support in hardware, and waning software support.
* networkd's .netdev files now support creating "netdevsim" interfaces.
* PID 1 learnt a new bus call GetUnitByControlGroup() which may be used
to query the unit belonging to a specific kernel control group.
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "cat-config", which may be used to
dump the contents of any configuration file, with all its matching
drop-in files added in, and honouring the usual search and masking
logic applied to systemd configuration files. For example use
"systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/system.conf" to get the complete
system configuration file of systemd how it would be loaded by PID 1
itself. Similar to this, various tools such as systemd-tmpfiles or
systemd-sysusers, gained a new option "--cat-config", which does the
corresponding operation for their own configuration settings. For
example, "systemd-tmpfiles --cat-config" will now output the full
list of tmpfiles.d/ lines in place.
* timedatectl gained three new verbs: "show" shows bus properties of
systemd-timedated, "timesync-status" shows the current NTP
synchronization state of systemd-timesyncd, and "show-timesync"
shows bus properties of systemd-timesyncd.
* systemd-timesyncd gained a bus interface on which it exposes details
about its state.
* A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_TIMEDATED_NTP_SERVICES is now
understood by systemd-timedated. It takes a colon-separated list of
unit names of NTP client services. The list is used by
"timedatectl set-ntp".
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --rlimit= switch for setting initial
resource limits for the container payload. There's a new switch
--hostname= to explicitly override the container's hostname. A new
--no-new-privileges= switch may be used to control the
PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS flag for the container payload. A new
--oom-score-adjust= switch controls the OOM scoring adjustment value
for the payload. The new --cpu-affinity= switch controls the CPU
affinity of the container payload. The new --resolv-conf= switch
allows more detailed control of /etc/resolv.conf handling of the
container. Similarly, the new --timezone= switch allows more detailed
control of /etc/localtime handling of the container.
* systemd-detect-virt gained a new --list switch, which will print a
list of all currently known VM and container environments.
* Support for "Portable Services" has been added, see
doc/PORTABLE_SERVICES.md for details. Currently, the support is still
experimental, but this is expected to change soon. Reflecting this
experimental state, the "portablectl" binary is not installed into
/usr/bin yet. The binary has to be called with the full path
/usr/lib/systemd/portablectl instead.
* journalctl's and systemctl's -o switch now knows a new log output
mode "with-unit". The output it generates is very similar to the
regular "short" mode, but displays the unit name instead of the
syslog tag for each log line. Also, the date is shown with timezone
information. This mode is probably more useful than the classic
"short" output mode for most purposes, except where pixel-perfect
compatibility with classic /var/log/messages formatting is required.
* A new --dump-bus-properties switch has been added to the systemd
binary, which may be used to dump all supported D-Bus properties.
(Options which are still supported, but are deprecated, are *not*
shown.)
* sd-bus gained a set of new calls:
sd_bus_slot_set_floating()/sd_bus_slot_get_floating() may be used to
enable/disable the "floating" state of a bus slot object,
i.e. whether the slot object pins the bus it is allocated for into
memory or if the bus slot object gets disconnected when the bus goes
away. sd_bus_open_with_description(),
sd_bus_open_user_with_description(),
sd_bus_open_system_with_description() may be used to allocate bus
objects and set their description string already during allocation.
* sd-event gained support for watching inotify events from the event
loop, in an efficient way, sharing inotify handles between multiple
users. For this a new function sd_event_add_inotify() has been added.
* sd-event and sd-bus gained support for calling special user-supplied
destructor functions for userdata pointers associated with
sd_event_source, sd_bus_slot, and sd_bus_track objects. For this new
functions sd_bus_slot_set_destroy_callback,
sd_bus_slot_get_destroy_callback, sd_bus_track_set_destroy_callback,
sd_bus_track_get_destroy_callback,
sd_event_source_set_destroy_callback,
sd_event_source_get_destroy_callback have been added.
* The "net.ipv4.tcp_ecn" sysctl will now be turned on by default.
* PID 1 will now automatically reschedule .timer units whenever the
local timezone changes. (They previously got rescheduled
automatically when the system clock changed.)
* New documentation has been added to document cgroups delegation,
portable services and the various code quality tools we have set up:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/CGROUP_DELEGATION.md
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/PORTABLE_SERVICES.md
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/CODE_QUALITY.md
* The Boot Loader Specification has been added to the source tree.
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/BOOT_LOADER_SPECIFICATION.md
While moving it into our source tree we have updated it and further
changes are now accepted through the usual github PR workflow.
* pam_systemd will now look for PAM userdata fields systemd.memory_max,
systemd.tasks_max, systemd.cpu_weight, systemd.io_weight set by
earlier PAM modules. The data in these fields is used to initialize
the session scope's resource properties. Thus external PAM modules
may now configure per-session limits, for example sourced from
external user databases.
* socket units with Accept=yes will now maintain a "refused" counter in
addition to the existing "accepted" counter, counting connections
refused due to the enforced limits.
* The "systemd-path search-binaries-default" command may now be use to
query the default, built-in $PATH PID 1 will pass to the services it
manages.
* A new unit file setting PrivateMounts= has been added. It's a boolean
option. If enabled the unit's processes are invoked in their own file
system namespace. Note that this behaviour is also implied if any
other file system namespacing options (such as PrivateTmp=,
PrivateDevices=, ProtectSystem=, …) are used. This option is hence
primarily useful for services that do not use any of the other file
system namespacing options. One such service is systemd-udevd.service
where this is now used by default.
* ConditionSecurity= gained a new value "uefi-secureboot" that is true
when the system is booted in UEFI "secure mode".
* A new unit "system-update-pre.target" is added, which defines an
optional synchronization point for offline system updates, as
implemented by the pre-existing "system-update.target" unit. It
allows ordering services before the service that executes the actual
update process in a generic way.
* Systemd now emits warnings whenever .include syntax is used.
Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alessandro Casale,
Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gartrell, Anssi Hannula, Arnaud Rebillout, Brian
J. Murrell, Bruno Vernay, Chris Lamb, Chris Lesiak, Christian Brauner,
Christian Hesse, Christian Rebischke, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Dao, Daniel
Lin, Danylo Korostil, Davide Cavalca, David Tardon, Dimitri John
Ledkov, Dmitriy Geels, Douglas Christman, Elia Geretto, emelenas, Emil
Velikov, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, Feng Sun, Filipe
Brandenburger, Franck Bui, futpib, Giuseppe Scrivano, Guillem Jover,
guixxx, Hannes Reinecke, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Henrique Dante de
Almeida, Hiram van Paassen, Ian Miell, Igor Gnatenko, Ivan Shapovalov,
Iwan Timmer, James Cowgill, Jan Janssen, Jan Synacek, Jared Kazimir,
Jérémy Rosen, João Paulo Rechi Vita, Joost Heitbrink, Jui-Chi Ricky
Liang, Jürg Billeter, Kai-Heng Feng, Karol Augustin, Kay Sievers,
Krzysztof Nowicki, Lauri Tirkkonen, Lennart Poettering, Leonard König,
Long Li, Luca Boccassi, Lucas Werkmeister, Marcel Hoppe, Marc
Kleine-Budde, Mario Limonciello, Martin Jansa, Martin Wilck, Mathieu
Malaterre, Matteo F. Vescovi, Matthew McGinn, Matthias-Christian Ott,
Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Prokop, Michal Koutný, Michal
Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Mikhail Kasimov, Milan Broz, Milan Pässler,
Mladen Pejaković, Muhammet Kara, Nicolas Boichat, Omer Katz, Paride
Legovini, Paul Menzel, Paul Milliken, Pavel Hrdina, Peter A. Bigot,
Peter D'Hoye, Peter Hutterer, Peter Jones, Philip Sequeira, Philip
Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Radostin Stoyanov, Ricardo Salveti de Araujo,
Ronny Chevalier, Rosen Penev, Rubén Suárez Alvarez, Ryan Gonzalez,
Salvo Tomaselli, Sebastian Reichel, Sergey Ptashnick, Sergio Lindo
Mansilla, Stefan Schweter, Stephen Hemminger, Stuart Hayes, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Jungel,
Tomasz Torcz, Vito Caputo, Will Dietz, Will Thompson, Wim van Mourik,
Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2018-06-22
CHANGES WITH 238:
* The MemoryAccounting= unit property now defaults to on. After
discussions with the upstream control group maintainers we learnt
that the negative impact of cgroup memory accounting on current
kernels is finally relatively minimal, so that it should be safe to
enable this by default without affecting system performance. Besides
memory accounting only task accounting is turned on by default, all
other forms of resource accounting (CPU, IO, IP) remain off for now,
because it's not clear yet that their impact is small enough to move
from opt-in to opt-out. We recommend downstreams to leave memory
accounting on by default if kernel 4.14 or higher is primarily
used. On very resource constrained systems or when support for old
kernels is a necessity, -Dmemory-accounting-default=false can be used
to revert this change.
* rpm scriptlets to update the udev hwdb and rules (%udev_hwdb_update,
%udev_rules_update) and the journal catalog (%journal_catalog_update)
from the upgrade scriptlets of individual packages now do nothing.
Transfiletriggers have been added which will perform those updates
once at the end of the transaction.
Similar transfiletriggers have been added to execute any sysctl.d
and binfmt.d rules. Thus, it should be unnecessary to provide any
scriptlets to execute this configuration from package installation
scripts.
* systemd-sysusers gained a mode where the configuration to execute is
specified on the command line, but this configuration is not executed
directly, but instead it is merged with the configuration on disk,
and the result is executed. This is useful for package installation
scripts which want to create the user before installing any files on
disk (in case some of those files are owned by that user), while
still allowing local admin overrides.
This functionality is exposed to rpm scriptlets through a new
%sysusers_create_package macro. Old %sysusers_create and
%sysusers_create_inline macros are deprecated.
A transfiletrigger for sysusers.d configuration is now installed,
which means that it should be unnecessary to call systemd-sysusers from
package installation scripts, unless the package installs any files
owned by those newly-created users, in which case
%sysusers_create_package should be used.
* Analogous change has been done for systemd-tmpfiles: it gained a mode
where the command-line configuration is merged with the configuration
on disk. This is exposed as the new %tmpfiles_create_package macro,
and %tmpfiles_create is deprecated. A transfiletrigger is installed
for tmpfiles.d, hence it should be unnecessary to call systemd-tmpfiles
from package installation scripts.
* sysusers.d configuration for a user may now also specify the group
number, in addition to the user number ("u username 123:456"), or
without the user number ("u username -:456").
* Configution items for systemd-sysusers can now be specified as
positional arguments when the new --inline switch is used.
* The login shell of users created through sysusers.d may now be
specified (previously, it was always /bin/sh for root and
/sbin/nologin for other users).
* systemd-analyze gained a new --global switch to look at global user
configuration. It also gained a unit-paths verb to list the unit load
paths that are compiled into systemd (which can be used with
--systemd, --user, or --global).
* udevadm trigger gained a new --settle/-w option to wait for any
triggered events to finish (but just those, and not any other events
which are triggered meanwhile).
* The action that systemd-logind takes when the lid is closed and the
machine is connected to external power can now be configured using
HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= in logind.conf. Previously, this action
was determined by HandleLidSwitch=, and, for backwards compatibility,
is still is, if HandleLidSwitchExternalPower= is not explicitly set.
* journalctl will periodically call sd_journal_process() to make it
resilient against inotify queue overruns when journal files are
rotated very quickly.
* Two new functions in libsystemd — sd_bus_get_n_queued_read and
sd_bus_get_n_queued_write — may be used to check the number of
pending bus messages.
* systemd gained a new
org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager.AttachProcessesToUnit dbus call
which can be used to migrate foreign processes to scope and service
units. The primary user for this new API is systemd itself: the
systemd --user instance uses this call of the systemd --system
instance to migrate processes if it itself gets the request to
migrate processes and the kernel refuses this due to access
restrictions. Thanks to this "systemd-run --scope --user …" works
again in pure cgroup v2 environments when invoked from the user
session scope.
* A new TemporaryFileSystem= setting can be used to mask out part of
the real file system tree with tmpfs mounts. This may be combined
with BindPaths= and BindReadOnlyPaths= to hide files or directories
not relevant to the unit, while still allowing some paths lower in
the tree to be accessed.
ProtectHome=tmpfs may now be used to hide user home and runtime
directories from units, in a way that is mostly equivalent to
"TemporaryFileSystem=/home /run/user /root".
* Non-service units are now started with KeyringMode=shared by default.
This means that mount and swapon and other mount tools have access
to keys in the main keyring.
* /sys/fs/bpf is now mounted automatically.
* QNX virtualization is now detected by systemd-detect-virt and may
be used in ConditionVirtualization=.
* IPAccounting= may now be enabled also for slice units.
* A new -Dsplit-bin= build configuration switch may be used to specify
whether bin and sbin directories are merged, or if they should be
included separately in $PATH and various listings of executable
directories. The build configuration scripts will try to autodetect
the proper values of -Dsplit-usr= and -Dsplit-bin= based on build
system, but distributions are encouraged to configure this
explicitly.
* A new -Dok-color= build configuration switch may be used to change
the colour of "OK" status messages.
* UPGRADE ISSUE: serialization of units using JoinsNamespaceOf= with
PrivateNetwork=yes was buggy in previous versions of systemd. This
means that after the upgrade and daemon-reexec, any such units must
be restarted.
* INCOMPATIBILITY: as announced in the NEWS for 237, systemd-tmpfiles
will not exclude read-only files owned by root from cleanup.
Contributions from: Alan Jenkins, Alexander F Rødseth, Alexis Jeandet,
Andika Triwidada, Andrei Gherzan, Ansgar Burchardt, antizealot1337,
Batuhan Osman Taşkaya, Beniamino Galvani, Bill Yodlowsky, Caio Marcelo
de Oliveira Filho, CuBiC, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mouritzen, Daniel
Rusek, Davide Cavalca, Dimitri John Ledkov, Douglas Christman, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Faalagorn, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, futpib,
Giacomo Longo, Gunnar Hjalmarsson, Hans de Goede, Hermann Gausterer,
Iago López Galeiras, Jakub Filak, Jan Synacek, Jason A. Donenfeld,
Javier Martinez Canillas, Jérémy Rosen, Lennart Poettering, Lucas
Werkmeister, Mao Huang, Marco Gulino, Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt,
MilhouseVH, Neal Gompa (ニール・ゴンパ), Oleander Reis, Olof Mogren,
Patrick Uiterwijk, Peter Hutterer, Peter Portante, Piotr Drąg, Robert
Antoni Buj Gelonch, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shuang Liu, Simon
Fowler, SjonHortensius, snorreflorre, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
Plantefève, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Vito Caputo, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Марко М. Костић (Marko M. Kostić)
— Warsaw, 2018-03-05
CHANGES WITH 237:
* Some keyboards come with a zoom see-saw or rocker which until now got
mapped to the Linux "zoomin/out" keys in hwdb. However, these
keycodes are not recognized by any major desktop. They now produce
Up/Down key events so that they can be used for scrolling.
* INCOMPATIBILITY: systemd-tmpfiles' "f" lines changed behaviour
slightly: previously, if an argument was specified for lines of this
type (i.e. the right-most column was set) this string was appended to
existing files each time systemd-tmpfiles was run. This behaviour was
different from what the documentation said, and not particularly
useful, as repeated systemd-tmpfiles invocations would not be
idempotent and grow such files without bounds. With this release
behaviour has been altered to match what the documentation says:
lines of this type only have an effect if the indicated files don't
exist yet, and only then the argument string is written to the file.
* FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY: In systemd v238 we intend to slightly change
systemd-tmpfiles behaviour: previously, read-only files owned by root
were always excluded from the file "aging" algorithm (i.e. the
automatic clean-up of directories like /tmp based on
atime/mtime/ctime). We intend to drop this restriction, and age files
by default even when owned by root and read-only. This behaviour was
inherited from older tools, but there have been requests to remove
it, and it's not obvious why this restriction was made in the first
place. Please speak up now, if you are aware of software that reqires
this behaviour, otherwise we'll remove the restriction in v238.
* A new environment variable $SYSTEMD_OFFLINE is now understood by
systemctl. It takes a boolean argument. If on, systemctl assumes it
operates on an "offline" OS tree, and will not attempt to talk to the
service manager. Previously, this mode was implicitly enabled if a
chroot() environment was detected, and this new environment variable
now provides explicit control.
* .path and .socket units may now be created transiently, too.
Previously only service, mount, automount and timer units were
supported as transient units. The systemd-run tool has been updated
to expose this new functionality, you may hence use it now to bind
arbitrary commands to path or socket activation on-the-fly from the
command line. Moreover, almost all properties are now exposed for the
unit types that already supported transient operation.
* The systemd-mount command gained support for a new --owner= parameter
which takes a user name, which is then resolved and included in uid=
and gid= mount options string of the file system to mount.
* A new unit condition ConditionControlGroupController= has been added
that checks whether a specific cgroup controller is available.
* Unit files, udev's .link files, and systemd-networkd's .netdev and
.network files all gained support for a new condition
ConditionKernelVersion= for checking against specific kernel
versions.
* In systemd-networkd, the [IPVLAN] section in .netdev files gained
support for configuring device flags in the Flags= setting. In the
same files, the [Tunnel] section gained support for configuring
AllowLocalRemote=. The [Route] section in .network files gained
support for configuring InitialCongestionWindow=,
InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow= and QuickAck=. The [DHCP] section now
understands RapidCommit=.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv6 support gained support for Prefix
Delegation.
* sd-bus gained support for a new "watch-bind" feature. When this
feature is enabled, an sd_bus connection may be set up to connect to
an AF_UNIX socket in the file system as soon as it is created. This
functionality is useful for writing early-boot services that
automatically connect to the system bus as soon as it is started,
without ugly time-based polling. systemd-networkd and
systemd-resolved have been updated to make use of this
functionality. busctl exposes this functionality in a new
--watch-bind= command line switch.
* sd-bus will now optionally synthesize a local "Connected" signal as
soon as a D-Bus connection is set up fully. This message mirrors the
already existing "Disconnected" signal which is synthesized when the
connection is terminated. This signal is generally useful but
particularly handy in combination with the "watch-bind" feature
described above. Synthesizing of this message has to be requested
explicitly through the new API call sd_bus_set_connected_signal(). In
addition a new call sd_bus_is_ready() has been added that checks
whether a connection is fully set up (i.e. between the "Connected" and
"Disconnected" signals).
* sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_request_name_async() and
sd_bus_release_name_async() for asynchronously registering bus
names. Similar, there is now sd_bus_add_match_async() for installing
a signal match asynchronously. All of systemd's own services have
been updated to make use of these calls. Doing these operations
asynchronously has two benefits: it reduces the risk of deadlocks in
case of cyclic dependencies between bus services, and it speeds up
service initialization since synchronization points for bus
round-trips are removed.
* sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_match_signal() and
sd_bus_match_signal_async(), which are similar to sd_bus_add_match()
and sd_bus_add_match_async() but instead of taking a D-Bus match
string take match fields as normal function parameters.
* sd-bus gained two new calls sd_bus_set_sender() and
sd_bus_message_set_sender() for setting the sender name of outgoing
messages (either for all outgoing messages or for just one specific
one). These calls are only useful in direct connections as on
brokered connections the broker fills in the sender anyway,
overwriting whatever the client filled in.
* sd-event gained a new pseudo-handle that may be specified on all API
calls where an "sd_event*" object is expected: SD_EVENT_DEFAULT. When
used this refers to the default event loop object of the calling
thread. Note however that this does not implicitly allocate one —
which has to be done prior by using sd_event_default(). Similarly
sd-bus gained three new pseudo-handles SD_BUS_DEFAULT,
SD_BUS_DEFAULT_USER, SD_BUS_DEFAULT_SYSTEM that may be used to refer
to the default bus of the specified type of the calling thread. Here
too this does not implicitly allocate bus connection objects, this
has to be done prior with sd_bus_default() and friends.
* sd-event gained a new call pair
sd_event_source_{get|set}_io_fd_own(). This may be used to request
automatic closure of the file descriptor an IO event source watches
when the event source is destroyed.
* systemd-networkd gained support for natively configuring WireGuard
connections.
* In previous versions systemd synthesized user records both for the
"nobody" (UID 65534) and "root" (UID 0) users in nss-systemd and
internally. In order to simplify distribution-wide renames of the
"nobody" user (like it is planned in Fedora: nfsnobody → nobody), a
new transitional flag file has been added: if
/etc/systemd/dont-synthesize-nobody exists synthesizing of the 65534
user and group record within the systemd codebase is disabled.
* systemd-notify gained a new --uid= option for selecting the source
user/UID to use for notification messages sent to the service
manager.
* journalctl gained a new --grep= option to list only entries in which
the message matches a certain pattern. By default matching is case
insensitive if the pattern is lowercase, and case sensitive
otherwise. Option --case-sensitive=yes|no can be used to override
this an specify case sensitivity or case insensitivity.
* There's now a "systemd-analyze service-watchdogs" command for printing
the current state of the service runtime watchdog, and optionally
enabling or disabling the per-service watchdogs system-wide if given a
boolean argument (i.e. the concept you configure in WatchdogSec=), for
debugging purposes. There's also a kernel command line option
systemd.service_watchdogs= for controlling the same.
* Two new "log-level" and "log-target" options for systemd-analyze were
added that merge the now deprecated get-log-level, set-log-level and
get-log-target, set-log-target pairs. The deprecated options are still
understood for backwards compatibility. The two new options print the
current value when no arguments are given, and set them when a
level/target is given as an argument.
* sysusers.d's "u" lines now optionally accept both a UID and a GID
specification, separated by a ":" character, in order to create users
where UID and GID do not match.
Contributions from: Adam Duskett, Alan Jenkins, Alexander Kuleshov,
Alexis Deruelle, Andrew Jeddeloh, Armin Widegreen, Batuhan Osman
Taşkaya, Björn Esser, bleep_blop, Bruce A. Johnson, Chris Down, Clinton
Roy, Colin Walters, Daniel Rusek, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dmitry Rozhkov,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Ewout van Mansom, Felipe Sateler, Franck Bui,
Frantisek Sumsal, George Gaydarov, Gianluca Boiano, Hans-Christian
Noren Egtvedt, Hans de Goede, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jan Alexander
Steffens, Jan Klötzke, Jason A. Donenfeld, jdkbx, Jérémy Rosen,
Jerónimo Borque, John Lin, John Paul Herold, Jonathan Rudenberg, Jörg
Thalheim, Ken (Bitsko) MacLeod, Larry Bernstone, Lennart Poettering,
Lucas Werkmeister, Maciej S. Szmigiero, Marek Čermák, Martin Pitt,
Mathieu Malaterre, Matthew Thode, Matthias-Christian Ott, Max Harmathy,
Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michał
Szczepański, Mike Gilbert, Nathaniel McCallum, Nicolas Chauvet, Olaf
Hering, Olivier Schwander, Patrik Flykt, Paul Cercueil, Peter Hutterer,
Piotr Drąg, Raphael Vogelgsang, Reverend Homer, Robert Kolchmeyer,
Samuel Dionne-Riel, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Susant Sahani,
Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Thomas Huth, Tomasz
Bachorski, Vladislav Vishnyakov, Wieland Hoffmann, Yu Watanabe, Zachary
Winnerman, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан Георгиевски, Дилян
Палаузов
— Brno, 2018-01-28
CHANGES WITH 236:
* The modprobe.d/ drop-in for the bonding.ko kernel module introduced
in v235 has been extended to also set the dummy.ko module option
numdummies=0, preventing the kernel from automatically creating
dummy0. All dummy interfaces must now be explicitly created.
* Unknown '%' specifiers in configuration files are now rejected. This
applies to units and tmpfiles.d configuration. Any percent characters
that are followed by a letter or digit that are not supposed to be
interpreted as the beginning of a specifier should be escaped by
doubling ("%%"). (So "size=5%" is still accepted, as well as
"size=5%,foo=bar", but not "LABEL=x%y%z" since %y and %z are not
valid specifiers today.)
* systemd-resolved now maintains a new dynamic
/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf compatibility file. It is
recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to it. This file
points at the systemd-resolved stub DNS 127.0.0.53 resolver and
includes dynamically acquired search domains, achieving more correct
DNS resolution by software that bypasses local DNS APIs such as NSS.
* The "uaccess" udev tag has been dropped from /dev/kvm and
/dev/dri/renderD*. These devices now have the 0666 permissions by
default (but this may be changed at build-time). /dev/dri/renderD*
will now be owned by the "render" group along with /dev/kfd.
* "DynamicUser=yes" has been enabled for systemd-timesyncd.service,
systemd-journal-gatewayd.service and
systemd-journal-upload.service. This means "nss-systemd" must be
enabled in /etc/nsswitch.conf to ensure the UIDs assigned to these
services are resolved properly.
* In /etc/fstab two new mount options are now understood:
x-systemd.makefs and x-systemd.growfs. The former has the effect that
the configured file system is formatted before it is mounted, the
latter that the file system is resized to the full block device size
after it is mounted (i.e. if the file system is smaller than the
partition it resides on, it's grown). This is similar to the fsck
logic in /etc/fstab, and pulls in systemd-makefs@.service and
systemd-growfs@.service as necessary, similar to
systemd-fsck@.service. Resizing is currently only supported on ext4
and btrfs.
* In systemd-networkd, the IPv6 RA logic now optionally may announce
DNS server and domain information.
* Support for the LUKS2 on-disk format for encrypted partitions has
been added. This requires libcryptsetup2 during compilation and
runtime.
* The systemd --user instance will now signal "readiness" when its
basic.target unit has been reached, instead of when the run queue ran
empty for the first time.
* Tmpfiles.d with user configuration are now also supported.
systemd-tmpfiles gained a new --user switch, and snippets placed in
~/.config/user-tmpfiles.d/ and corresponding directories will be
executed by systemd-tmpfiles --user running in the new
systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service and systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
running in the user session.
* Unit files and tmpfiles.d snippets learnt three new % specifiers:
%S resolves to the top-level state directory (/var/lib for the system
instance, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME for the user instance), %C resolves to the
top-level cache directory (/var/cache for the system instance,
$XDG_CACHE_HOME for the user instance), %L resolves to the top-level
logs directory (/var/log for the system instance,
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/log/ for the user instance). This matches the
existing %t specifier, that resolves to the top-level runtime
directory (/run for the system instance, and $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR for the
user instance).
* journalctl learnt a new parameter --output-fields= for limiting the
set of journal fields to output in verbose and JSON output modes.
* systemd-timesyncd's configuration file gained a new option
RootDistanceMaxSec= for setting the maximum root distance of servers
it'll use, as well as the new options PollIntervalMinSec= and
PollIntervalMaxSec= to tweak the minimum and maximum poll interval.
* bootctl gained a new command "list" for listing all available boot
menu items on systems that follow the boot loader specification.
* systemctl gained a new --dry-run switch that shows what would be done
instead of doing it, and is currently supported by the shutdown and
sleep verbs.
* ConditionSecurity= can now detect the TOMOYO security module.
* Unit file [Install] sections are now also respected in unit drop-in
files. This is intended to be used by drop-ins under /usr/lib/.
* systemd-firstboot may now also set the initial keyboard mapping.
* Udev "changed" events for devices which are exposed as systemd
.device units are now propagated to units specified in
ReloadPropagatedFrom= as reload requests.
* If a udev device has a SYSTEMD_WANTS= property containing a systemd
unit template name (i.e. a name in the form of 'foobar@.service',
without the instance component between the '@' and - the '.'), then
the escaped sysfs path of the device is automatically used as the
instance.
* SystemCallFilter= in unit files has been extended so that an "errno"
can be specified individually for each system call. Example:
SystemCallFilter=~uname:EILSEQ.
* The cgroup delegation logic has been substantially updated. Delegate=
now optionally takes a list of controllers (instead of a boolean, as
before), which lists the controllers to delegate at least.
* The networkd DHCPv6 client now implements the FQDN option (RFC 4704).
* A new LogLevelMax= setting configures the maximum log level any
process of the service may log at (i.e. anything with a lesser
priority than what is specified is automatically dropped). A new
LogExtraFields= setting allows configuration of additional journal
fields to attach to all log records generated by any of the unit's
processes.
* New StandardInputData= and StandardInputText= settings along with the
new option StandardInput=data may be used to configure textual or
binary data that shall be passed to the executed service process via
standard input, encoded in-line in the unit file.
* StandardInput=, StandardOutput= and StandardError= may now be used to
connect stdin/stdout/stderr of executed processes directly with a
file or AF_UNIX socket in the file system, using the new "file:" option.
* A new unit file option CollectMode= has been added, that allows
tweaking the garbage collection logic for units. It may be used to
tell systemd to garbage collect units that have failed automatically
(normally it only GCs units that exited successfully). systemd-run
and systemd-mount expose this new functionality with a new -G option.
* "machinectl bind" may now be used to bind mount non-directories
(i.e. regularfiles, devices, fifos, sockets).
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "calendar" for validating and
testing calendar time specifications to use for OnCalendar= in timer
units. Besides validating the expression it will calculate the next
time the specified expression would elapse.
* In addition to the pre-existing FailureAction= unit file setting
there's now SuccessAction=, for configuring a shutdown action to
execute when a unit completes successfully. This is useful in
particular inside containers that shall terminate after some workload
has been completed. Also, both options are now supported for all unit
types, not just services.
* networkds's IP rule support gained two new options
IncomingInterface= and OutgoingInterface= for configuring the incoming
and outgoing interfaces of configured rules. systemd-networkd also
gained support for "vxcan" network devices.
* networkd gained a new setting RequiredForOnline=, taking a
boolean. If set, systemd-wait-online will take it into consideration
when determining that the system is up, otherwise it will ignore the
interface for this purpose.
* The sd_notify() protocol gained support for a new operation: with
FDSTOREREMOVE=1 file descriptors may be removed from the per-service
store again, ahead of POLLHUP or POLLERR when they are removed
anyway.
* A new document doc/UIDS-GIDS.md has been added to the source tree,
that documents the UID/GID range and assignment assumptions and
requirements of systemd.
* The watchdog device PID 1 will ping may now be configured through the
WatchdogDevice= configuration file setting, or by setting the
systemd.watchdog_service= kernel commandline option.
* systemd-resolved's gained support for registering DNS-SD services on
the local network using MulticastDNS. Services may either be
registered by dropping in a .dnssd file in /etc/systemd/dnssd/ (or
the same dir below /run, /usr/lib), or through its D-Bus API.
* The sd_notify() protocol can now with EXTEND_TIMEOUT_USEC=microsecond
extend the effective start, runtime, and stop time. The service must
continue to send EXTEND_TIMEOUT_USEC within the period specified to
prevent the service manager from making the service as timedout.
* systemd-resolved's DNSSEC support gained support for RFC 8080
(Ed25519 keys and signatures).
* The systemd-resolve command line tool gained a new set of options
--set-dns=, --set-domain=, --set-llmnr=, --set-mdns=, --set-dnssec=,
--set-nta= and --revert to configure per-interface DNS configuration
dynamically during runtime. It's useful for pushing DNS information
into systemd-resolved from DNS hook scripts that various interface
managing software supports (such as pppd).
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-namespace-path= command line
option, which may be used to make a container join an existing
network namespace, by specifying a path to a "netns" file.
Contributions from: Alan Jenkins, Alan Robertson, Alessandro Ghedini,
Andrew Jeddeloh, Antonio Rojas, Ari, asavah, bleep_blop, Carsten
Strotmann, Christian Brauner, Christian Hesse, Clinton Roy, Collin
Eggert, Cong Wang, Daniel Black, Daniel Lockyer, Daniel Rusek, Dimitri
John Ledkov, Dmitry Rozhkov, Dongsu Park, Edward A. James, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Florian Klink, Franck Bui, Gwendal Grignou, Hans de
Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ikey Doherty,
Jakub Wilk, Jérémy Rosen, Jiahui Xie, John Lin, José Bollo, Josef
Andersson, juga0, Krzysztof Nowicki, Kyle Walker, Lars Karlitski, Lars
Kellogg-Stedman, Lauri Tirkkonen, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel,
Luca Bruno, Lucas Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Lukáš Říha, Lukasz
Rubaszewski, Maciej S. Szmigiero, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcus Folkesson,
Martin Steuer, Mathieu Trudel-Lapierre, Matija Skala,
Matthias-Christian Ott, Max Resch, Michael Biebl, Michael Vogt, Michal
Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Muhammet Kara, Neil Brown, Olaf
Hering, Ondrej Kozina, Patrik Flykt, Patryk Kocielnik, Peter Hutterer,
Piotr Drąg, Razvan Cojocaru, Robin McCorkell, Roland Hieber, Saran
Tunyasuvunakool, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Shuang Liu, Simon
Arlott, Simon Peeters, Stanislav Angelovič, Stefan Agner, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Tiago Salem
Herrmann, Tinu Weber, Tom Stellard, Topi Miettinen, Torsten Hilbrich,
Vito Caputo, Vladislav Vishnyakov, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeal Jagannatha
— Berlin, 2017-12-14
CHANGES WITH 235:
* INCOMPATIBILITY: systemd-logind.service and other long-running
services now run inside an IPv4/IPv6 sandbox, prohibiting them any IP
communication with the outside. This generally improves security of
the system, and is in almost all cases a safe and good choice, as
these services do not and should not provide any network-facing
functionality. However, systemd-logind uses the glibc NSS API to
query the user database. This creates problems on systems where NSS
is set up to directly consult network services for user database
lookups. In particular, this creates incompatibilities with the
"nss-nis" module, which attempts to directly contact the NIS/YP
network servers it is configured for, and will now consistently
fail. In such cases, it is possible to turn off IP sandboxing for
systemd-logind.service (set IPAddressDeny= in its [Service] section
to the empty string, via a .d/ unit file drop-in). Downstream
distributions might want to update their nss-nis packaging to include
such a drop-in snippet, accordingly, to hide this incompatibility
from the user. Another option is to make use of glibc's nscd service
to proxy such network requests through a privilege-separated, minimal
local caching daemon, or to switch to more modern technologies such
sssd, whose NSS hook-ups generally do not involve direct network
access. In general, we think it's definitely time to question the
implementation choices of nss-nis, i.e. whether it's a good idea
today to embed a network-facing loadable module into all local
processes that need to query the user database, including the most
trivial and benign ones, such as "ls". For more details about
IPAddressDeny= see below.
* A new modprobe.d drop-in is now shipped by default that sets the
bonding module option max_bonds=0. This overrides the kernel default,
to avoid conflicts and ambiguity as to whether or not bond0 should be
managed by systemd-networkd or not. This resolves multiple issues
with bond0 properties not being applied, when bond0 is configured
with systemd-networkd. Distributors may choose to not package this,
however in that case users will be prevented from correctly managing
bond0 interface using systemd-networkd.
* systemd-analyze gained new verbs "get-log-level" and "get-log-target"
which print the logging level and target of the system manager. They
complement the existing "set-log-level" and "set-log-target" verbs
used to change those values.
* journald.conf gained a new boolean setting ReadKMsg= which defaults
to on. If turned off kernel log messages will not be read by
systemd-journald or included in the logs. It also gained a new
setting LineMax= for configuring the maximum line length in
STDOUT/STDERR log streams. The new default for this value is 48K, up
from the previous hardcoded 2048.
* A new unit setting RuntimeDirectoryPreserve= has been added, which
allows more detailed control of what to do with a runtime directory
configured with RuntimeDirectory= (i.e. a directory below /run or
$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR) after a unit is stopped.
* The RuntimeDirectory= setting for units gained support for creating
deeper subdirectories below /run or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR, instead of just
one top-level directory.
* Units gained new options StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=,
LogsDirectory= and ConfigurationDirectory= which are closely related
to RuntimeDirectory= but manage per-service directories below
/var/lib, /var/cache, /var/log and /etc. By making use of them it is
possible to write unit files which when activated automatically gain
properly owned service specific directories in these locations, thus
making unit files self-contained and increasing compatibility with
stateless systems and factory reset where /etc or /var are
unpopulated at boot. Matching these new settings there's also
StateDirectoryMode=, CacheDirectoryMode=, LogsDirectoryMode=,
ConfigurationDirectoryMode= for configuring the access mode of these
directories. These settings are particularly useful in combination
with DynamicUser=yes as they provide secure, properly-owned,
writable, and stateful locations for storage, excluded from the
sandbox that such services live in otherwise.
* Automake support has been removed from this release. systemd is now
Meson-only.
* systemd-journald will now aggressively cache client metadata during
runtime, speeding up log write performance under pressure. This comes
at a small price though: as much of the metadata is read
asynchronously from /proc/ (and isn't implicitly attached to log
datagrams by the kernel, like UID/GID/PID/SELinux are) this means the
metadata stored alongside a log entry might be slightly
out-of-date. Previously it could only be slightly newer than the log
message. The time window is small however, and given that the kernel
is unlikely to be improved anytime soon in this regard, this appears
acceptable to us.
* nss-myhostname/systemd-resolved will now by default synthesize an
A/AAAA resource record for the "_gateway" hostname, pointing to the
current default IP gateway. Previously it did that for the "gateway"
name, hampering adoption, as some distributions wanted to leave that
host name open for local use. The old behaviour may still be
requested at build time.
* systemd-networkd's [Address] section in .network files gained a new
Scope= setting for configuring the IP address scope. The [Network]
section gained a new boolean setting ConfigureWithoutCarrier= that
tells systemd-networkd to ignore link sensing when configuring the
device. The [DHCP] section gained a new Anonymize= boolean option for
turning on a number of options suggested in RFC 7844. A new
[RoutingPolicyRule] section has been added for configuring the IP
routing policy. The [Route] section has gained support for a new
Type= setting which permits configuring
blackhole/unreachable/prohibit routes.
* The [VRF] section in .netdev files gained a new Table= setting for
configuring the routing table to use. The [Tunnel] section gained a
new Independent= boolean field for configuring tunnels independent of
an underlying network interface. The [Bridge] section gained a new
GroupForwardMask= option for configuration of propagation of link
local frames between bridge ports.
* The WakeOnLan= setting in .link files gained support for a number of
new modes. A new TCP6SegmentationOffload= setting has been added for
configuring TCP/IPv6 hardware segmentation offload.
* The IPv6 RA sender implementation may now optionally send out RDNSS
and RDNSSL records to supply DNS configuration to peers.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for a new --system-call-filter= command
line option for adding and removing entries in the default system
call filter it applies. Moreover systemd-nspawn has been changed to
implement a system call whitelist instead of a blacklist.
* systemd-run gained support for a new --pipe command line option. If
used the STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR file descriptors passed to systemd-run
are directly passed on to the activated transient service
executable. This allows invoking arbitrary processes as systemd
services (for example to take benefit of dependency management,
accounting management, resource management or log management that is
done automatically for services) — while still allowing them to be
integrated in a classic UNIX shell pipeline.
* When a service sends RELOAD=1 via sd_notify() and reload propagation
using ReloadPropagationTo= is configured, a reload is now propagated
to configured units. (Previously this was only done on explicitly
requested reloads, using "systemctl reload" or an equivalent
command.)
* For each service unit a restart counter is now kept: it is increased
each time the service is restarted due to Restart=, and may be
queried using "systemctl show -p NRestarts …".
* New system call filter groups @aio, @sync, @chown, @setuid, @memlock,
@signal and @timer have been added, for usage with SystemCallFilter=
in unit files and the new --system-call-filter= command line option
of systemd-nspawn (see above).
* ExecStart= lines in unit files gained two new modifiers: when a
command line is prefixed with "!" the command will be executed as
configured, except for the credentials applied by
setuid()/setgid()/setgroups(). It is very similar to the pre-existing
"+", but does still apply namespacing options unlike "+". There's
also "!!" now, which is mostly identical, but becomes a NOP on
systems that support ambient capabilities. This is useful to write
unit files that work with ambient capabilities where possible but
automatically fall back to traditional privilege dropping mechanisms
on systems where this is not supported.
* ListenNetlink= settings in socket units now support RDMA netlink
sockets.
* A new unit file setting LockPersonality= has been added which permits
locking down the chosen execution domain ("personality") of a service
during runtime.
* A new special target "getty-pre.target" has been added, which is
ordered before all text logins, and may be used to order services
before textual logins acquire access to the console.
* systemd will now attempt to load the virtio-rng.ko kernel module very
early on if a VM environment supporting this is detected. This should
improve entropy during early boot in virtualized environments.
* A _netdev option is now supported in /etc/crypttab that operates in a
similar way as the same option in /etc/fstab: it permits configuring
encrypted devices that need to be ordered after the network is up.
Following this logic, two new special targets
remote-cryptsetup-pre.target and remote-cryptsetup.target have been
added that are to cryptsetup.target what remote-fs.target and
remote-fs-pre.target are to local-fs.target.
* Service units gained a new UnsetEnvironment= setting which permits
unsetting specific environment variables for services that are
normally passed to it (for example in order to mask out locale
settings for specific services that can't deal with it).
* Units acquired a new boolean option IPAccounting=. When turned on, IP
traffic accounting (packet count as well as byte count) is done for
the service, and shown as part of "systemctl status" or "systemd-run
--wait".
* Service units acquired two new options IPAddressAllow= and
IPAddressDeny=, taking a list of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and masks,
for configuring a simple IP access control list for all sockets of
the unit. These options are available also on .slice and .socket
units, permitting flexible access list configuration for individual
services as well as groups of services (as defined by a slice unit),
including system-wide. Note that IP ACLs configured this way are
enforced on every single IPv4 and IPv6 socket created by any process
of the service unit, and apply to ingress as well as egress traffic.
* If CPUAccounting= or IPAccounting= is turned on for a unit a new
structured log message is generated each time the unit is stopped,
containing information about the consumed resources of this
invocation.
* A new setting KeyringMode= has been added to unit files, which may be
used to control how the kernel keyring is set up for executed
processes.
* "systemctl poweroff", "systemctl reboot", "systemctl halt",
"systemctl kexec" and "systemctl exit" are now always asynchronous in
behaviour (that is: these commands return immediately after the
operation was enqueued instead of waiting for the operation to
complete). Previously, "systemctl poweroff" and "systemctl reboot"
were asynchronous on systems using systemd-logind (i.e. almost
always, and like they were on sysvinit), and the other three commands
were unconditionally synchronous. With this release this is cleaned
up, and callers will see the same asynchronous behaviour on all
systems for all five operations.
* systemd-logind gained new Halt() and CanHalt() bus calls for halting
the system.
* .timer units now accept calendar specifications in other timezones
than UTC or the local timezone.
* The tmpfiles snippet var.conf has been changed to create
/var/log/btmp with access mode 0660 instead of 0600. It was owned by
the "utmp" group already, and it appears to be generally understood
that members of "utmp" can modify/flush the utmp/wtmp/lastlog/btmp
databases. Previously this was implemented correctly for all these
databases excepts btmp, which has been opened up like this now
too. Note that while the other databases are world-readable
(i.e. 0644), btmp is not and remains more restrictive.
* The systemd-resolve tool gained a new --reset-server-features
switch. When invoked like this systemd-resolved will forget
everything it learnt about the features supported by the configured
upstream DNS servers, and restarts the feature probing logic on the
next resolver look-up for them at the highest feature level
again.
* The status dump systemd-resolved sends to the logs upon receiving
SIGUSR1 now also includes information about all DNS servers it is
configured to use, and the features levels it probed for them.
Contributions from: Abdó Roig-Maranges, Alan Jenkins, Alexander
Kuleshov, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Andrew Soutar, Ansgar
Burchardt, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin Berg, Benjamin Robin, Charles
Huber, Christian Hesse, Daniel Berrange, Daniel Kahn Gillmor, Daniel
Mack, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Șerbănescu, Davide Cavalca, Dimitri John
Ledkov, Diogo Pereira, Djalal Harouni, Dmitriy Geels, Dmitry Torokhov,
ettavolt, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabio Kung, Felipe Sateler, Franck Bui,
Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Insun Pyo, Ivan Kurnosov, Ivan Shapovalov,
Jakub Wilk, Jan Synacek, Jason Gunthorpe, Jeremy Bicha, Jérémy Rosen,
John Lin, jonasBoss, Jonathan Lebon, Jonathan Teh, Jon Ringle, Jörg
Thalheim, Jouke Witteveen, juga0, Justin Capella, Justin Michaud,
Kai-Heng Feng, Lennart Poettering, Lion Yang, Luca Bruno, Lucas
Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Marcel Hollerbach, Marcus Lundblad, Martin
Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Grzeschik, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert,
Neil Brown, Nicolas Iooss, Patrik Flykt, pEJipE, Piotr Drąg, Russell
Stuart, S. Fan, Shengyao Xue, Stefan Pietsch, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo,
Thomas Miller, Thomas Sailer, Tobias Hunger, Tomasz Pala, Tom
Gundersen, Tommi Rantala, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, userwithuid,
Vasilis Liaskovitis, Vito Caputo, WaLyong Cho, William Douglas, Xiang
Fan, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2017-10-06
CHANGES WITH 234:
* Meson is now supported as build system in addition to Automake. It is
our plan to remove Automake in one of our next releases, so that
Meson becomes our exclusive build system. Hence, please start using
the Meson build system in your downstream packaging. There's plenty
of documentation around how to use Meson, the extremely brief
summary:
./autogen.sh && ./configure && make && sudo make install
becomes:
meson build && ninja -C build && sudo ninja -C build install
* Unit files gained support for a new JobRunningTimeoutUSec= setting,
which permits configuring a timeout on the time a job is
running. This is particularly useful for setting timeouts on jobs for
.device units.
* Unit files gained two new options ConditionUser= and ConditionGroup=
for conditionalizing units based on the identity of the user/group
running a systemd user instance.
* systemd-networkd now understands a new FlowLabel= setting in the
[VXLAN] section of .network files, as well as a Priority= in
[Bridge], GVRP= + MVRP= + LooseBinding= + ReorderHeader= in [VLAN]
and GatewayOnlink= + IPv6Preference= + Protocol= in [Route]. It also
gained support for configuration of GENEVE links, and IPv6 address
labels. The [Network] section gained the new IPv6ProxyNDP= setting.
* .link files now understand a new Port= setting.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP support gained support for DHCP option 119
(domain search list).
* systemd-networkd gained support for serving IPv6 address ranges using
the Router Advertisement protocol. The new .network configuration
section [IPv6Prefix] may be used to configure the ranges to
serve. This is implemented based on a new, minimal, native server
implementation of RA.
* journalctl's --output= switch gained support for a new parameter
"short-iso-precise" for a mode where timestamps are shown as precise
ISO date values.
* systemd-udevd's "net_id" builtin may now generate stable network
interface names from IBM PowerVM VIO devices as well as ACPI platform
devices.
* MulticastDNS support in systemd-resolved may now be explicitly
enabled/disabled using the new MulticastDNS= configuration file
option.
* systemd-resolved may now optionally use libidn2 instead of the libidn
for processing internationalized domain names. Support for libidn2
should be considered experimental and should not be enabled by
default yet.
* "machinectl pull-tar" and related call may now do verification of
downloaded images using SUSE-style .sha256 checksum files in addition
to the already existing support for validating using Ubuntu-style
SHA256SUMS files.
* sd-bus gained support for a new sd_bus_message_appendv() call which
is va_list equivalent of sd_bus_message_append().
* sd-boot gained support for validating images using SHIM/MOK.
* The SMACK code learnt support for "onlycap".
* systemd-mount --umount is now much smarter in figuring out how to
properly unmount a device given its mount or device path.
* The code to call libnss_dns as a fallback from libnss_resolve when
the communication with systemd-resolved fails was removed. This
fallback was redundant and interfered with the [!UNAVAIL=return]
suffix. See nss-resolve(8) for the recommended configuration.
* systemd-logind may now be restarted without losing state. It stores
the file descriptors for devices it manages in the system manager
using the FDSTORE= mechanism. Please note that further changes in
other components may be required to make use of this (for example
Xorg has code to listen for stops of systemd-logind and terminate
itself when logind is stopped or restarted, in order to avoid using
stale file descriptors for graphical devices, which is now
counterproductive and must be reverted in order for restarts of
systemd-logind to be safe. See
https://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/commit/?id=dc48bd653c7e101.)
* All kernel-install plugins are called with the environment variable
KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID which is set to the machine ID given by
/etc/machine-id. If the machine ID could not be determined,
$KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID will be empty. Plugins should not put
anything in the entry directory (passed as the second argument) if
$KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID is empty. For backwards compatibility, a
temporary directory is passed as the entry directory and removed
after all the plugins exit.
Contributions from: Adrian Heine né Lang, Aggelos Avgerinos, Alexander
Kurtz, Alexandros Frantzis, Alexey Brodkin, Alex Lu, Amir Pakdel, Amir
Yalon, Anchor Cat, Anthony Parsons, Bastien Nocera, Benjamin Gilbert,
Benjamin Robin, Boucman, Charles Plessy, Chris Chiu, Chris Lamb,
Christian Brauner, Christian Hesse, Colin Walters, Daniel Drake,
Danielle Church, Daniel Molkentin, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Wang, Davide
Cavalca, David Herrmann, David Michael, Dax Kelson, Dimitri John
Ledkov, Djalal Harouni, Dušan Kazik, Elias Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Federico Di Pierro, Felipe Sateler, Felix Zhang, Franck Bui, Gary
Tierney, George McCollister, Giedrius Statkevičius, Hans de Goede,
hecke, Hendrik Westerberg, Hristo Venev, Ian Wienand, Insun Pyo, Ivan
Shapovalov, James Cowgill, James Hemsing, Janne Heß, Jan Synacek, Jason
Reeder, João Paulo Rechi Vita, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jörg
Thalheim, Josef Andersson, Josef Gajdusek, Julian Mehne, Kai Krakow,
Krzysztof Jackiewicz, Lars Karlitski, Lennart Poettering, Lluís Gili,
Lucas Werkmeister, Lukáš Nykrýn, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marcin Bachry, Marcus Cooper, Mark Stosberg, Martin Pitt, Matija Skala,
Matt Clarkson, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Greiner, Matthijs van Duin,
Max Resch, Michael Biebl, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletar, Michal
Soltys, Michal Suchanek, Mike Gilbert, Nate Clark, Nathaniel R. Lewis,
Neil Brown, Nikolai Kondrashov, Pascal S. de Kloe, Pat Riehecky, Patrik
Flykt, Paul Kocialkowski, Peter Hutterer, Philip Withnall, Piotr
Szydełko, Rafael Fontenelle, Ray Strode, Richard Maw, Roelf Wichertjes,
Ronny Chevalier, Sarang S. Dalal, Sjoerd Simons, slodki, Stefan
Schweter, Susant Sahani, Ted Wood, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller, Thomas
H. P. Andersen, Timothée Ravier, Tobias Jungel, Tobias Stoeckmann, Tom
Gundersen, Tom Yan, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog,
userwithuid, Vito Caputo, Waldemar Brodkorb, WaLyong Cho, Yu, Li-Yu,
Yusuke Nojima, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Дамјан
Георгиевски
— Berlin, 2017-07-12
CHANGES WITH 233:
* The "hybrid" control group mode has been modified to improve
compatibility with "legacy" cgroups-v1 setups. Specifically, the
"hybrid" setup of /sys/fs/cgroup is now pretty much identical to
"legacy" (including /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd as "name=systemd" named
cgroups-v1 hierarchy), the only externally visible change being that
the cgroups-v2 hierarchy is also mounted, to
/sys/fs/cgroup/unified. This should provide a large degree of
compatibility with "legacy" cgroups-v1, while taking benefit of the
better management capabilities of cgroups-v2.
* The default control group setup mode may be selected both a boot-time
via a set of kernel command line parameters (specifically:
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy= and
systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller=), as well as a compile-time
default selected on the configure command line
(--with-default-hierarchy=). The upstream default is "hybrid"
(i.e. the cgroups-v1 + cgroups-v2 mixture discussed above) now, but
this will change in a future systemd version to be "unified" (pure
cgroups-v2 mode). The third option for the compile time option is
"legacy", to enter pure cgroups-v1 mode. We recommend downstream
distributions to default to "hybrid" mode for release distributions,
starting with v233. We recommend "unified" for development
distributions (specifically: distributions such as Fedora's rawhide)
as that's where things are headed in the long run. Use "legacy" for
greatest stability and compatibility only.
* Note one current limitation of "unified" and "hybrid" control group
setup modes: the kernel currently does not permit the systemd --user
instance (i.e. unprivileged code) to migrate processes between two
disconnected cgroup subtrees, even if both are managed and owned by
the user. This effectively means "systemd-run --user --scope" doesn't
work when invoked from outside of any "systemd --user" service or
scope. Specifically, it is not supported from session scopes. We are
working on fixing this in a future systemd version. (See #3388 for
further details about this.)
* DBus policy files are now installed into /usr rather than /etc. Make
sure your system has dbus >= 1.9.18 running before upgrading to this
version, or override the install path with --with-dbuspolicydir= .
* All python scripts shipped with systemd (specifically: the various
tests written in Python) now require Python 3.
* systemd unit tests can now run standalone (without the source or
build directories), and can be installed into /usr/lib/systemd/tests/
with 'make install-tests'.
* Note that from this version on, CONFIG_CRYPTO_USER_API_HASH,
CONFIG_CRYPTO_HMAC and CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256 need to be enabled in the
kernel.
* Support for the %c, %r, %R specifiers in unit files has been
removed. Specifiers are not supposed to be dependent on configuration
in the unit file itself (so that they resolve the same regardless
where used in the unit files), but these specifiers were influenced
by the Slice= option.
* The shell invoked by debug-shell.service now defaults to /bin/sh in
all cases. If distributions want to use a different shell for this
purpose (for example Fedora's /sbin/sushell) they need to specify
this explicitly at configure time using --with-debug-shell=.
* The confirmation spawn prompt has been reworked to offer the
following choices:
(c)ontinue, proceed without asking anymore
(D)ump, show the state of the unit
(f)ail, don't execute the command and pretend it failed
(h)elp
(i)nfo, show a short summary of the unit
(j)obs, show jobs that are in progress
(s)kip, don't execute the command and pretend it succeeded
(y)es, execute the command
The 'n' choice for the confirmation spawn prompt has been removed,
because its meaning was confusing.
The prompt may now also be redirected to an alternative console by
specifying the console as parameter to systemd.confirm_spawn=.
* Services of Type=notify require a READY=1 notification to be sent
during startup. If no such message is sent, the service now fails,
even if the main process exited with a successful exit code.
* Services that fail to start up correctly now always have their
ExecStopPost= commands executed. Previously, they'd enter "failed"
state directly, without executing these commands.
* The option MulticastDNS= of network configuration files has acquired
an actual implementation. With MulticastDNS=yes a host can resolve
names of remote hosts and reply to mDNS A and AAAA requests.
* When units are about to be started an additional check is now done to
ensure that all dependencies of type BindsTo= (when used in
combination with After=) have been started.
* systemd-analyze gained a new verb "syscall-filter" which shows which
system call groups are defined for the SystemCallFilter= unit file
setting, and which system calls they contain.
* A new system call filter group "@filesystem" has been added,
consisting of various file system related system calls. Group
"@reboot" has been added, covering reboot, kexec and shutdown related
calls. Finally, group "@swap" has been added covering swap
configuration related calls.
* A new unit file option RestrictNamespaces= has been added that may be
used to restrict access to the various process namespace types the
Linux kernel provides. Specifically, it may be used to take away the
right for a service unit to create additional file system, network,
user, and other namespaces. This sandboxing option is particularly
relevant due to the high amount of recently discovered namespacing
related vulnerabilities in the kernel.
* systemd-udev's .link files gained support for a new AutoNegotiation=
setting for configuring Ethernet auto-negotiation.
* systemd-networkd's .network files gained support for a new
ListenPort= setting in the [DHCP] section to explicitly configure the
UDP client port the DHCP client shall listen on.
* .network files gained a new Unmanaged= boolean setting for explicitly
excluding one or more interfaces from management by systemd-networkd.
* The systemd-networkd ProxyARP= option has been renamed to
IPV4ProxyARP=. Similarly, VXLAN-specific option ARPProxy= has been
renamed to ReduceARPProxy=. The old names continue to be available
for compatibility.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring IPv6 Proxy NDP
addresses via the new IPv6ProxyNDPAddress= .network file setting.
* systemd-networkd's bonding device support gained support for two new
configuration options ActiveSlave= and PrimarySlave=.
* The various options in the [Match] section of .network files gained
support for negative matching.
* New systemd-specific mount options are now understood in /etc/fstab:
x-systemd.mount-timeout= may be used to configure the maximum
permitted runtime of the mount command.
x-systemd.device-bound may be set to bind a mount point to its
backing device unit, in order to automatically remove a mount point
if its backing device is unplugged. This option may also be
configured through the new SYSTEMD_MOUNT_DEVICE_BOUND udev property
on the block device, which is now automatically set for all CDROM
drives, so that mounted CDs are automatically unmounted when they are
removed from the drive.
x-systemd.after= and x-systemd.before= may be used to explicitly
order a mount after or before another unit or mount point.
* Enqueued start jobs for device units are now automatically garbage
collected if there are no jobs waiting for them anymore.
* systemctl list-jobs gained two new switches: with --after, for every
queued job the jobs it's waiting for are shown; with --before the
jobs which it's blocking are shown.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for ephemeral boots from disk images
(or in other words: --ephemeral and --image= may now be
combined). Moreover, ephemeral boots are now supported for normal
directories, even if the backing file system is not btrfs. Of course,
if the file system does not support file system snapshots or
reflinks, the initial copy operation will be relatively expensive, but
this should still be suitable for many use cases.
* Calendar time specifications in .timer units now support
specifications relative to the end of a month by using "~" instead of
"-" as separator between month and day. For example, "*-02~03" means
"the third last day in February". In addition a new syntax for
repeated events has been added using the "/" character. For example,
"9..17/2:00" means "every two hours from 9am to 5pm".
* systemd-socket-proxyd gained a new parameter --connections-max= for
configuring the maximum number of concurrent connections.
* sd-id128 gained a new API for generating unique IDs for the host in a
way that does not leak the machine ID. Specifically,
sd_id128_get_machine_app_specific() derives an ID based on the
machine ID a in well-defined, non-reversible, stable way. This is
useful whenever an identifier for the host is needed but where the
identifier shall not be useful to identify the system beyond the
scope of the application itself. (Internally this uses HMAC-SHA256 as
keyed hash function using the machine ID as input.)
* NotifyAccess= gained a new supported value "exec". When set
notifications are accepted from all processes systemd itself invoked,
including all control processes.
* .nspawn files gained support for defining overlay mounts using the
Overlay= and OverlayReadOnly= options. Previously this functionality
was only available on the systemd-nspawn command line.
* systemd-nspawn's --bind= and --overlay= options gained support for
bind/overlay mounts whose source lies within the container tree by
prefixing the source path with "+".
* systemd-nspawn's --bind= and --overlay= options gained support for
automatically allocating a temporary source directory in /var/tmp
that is removed when the container dies. Specifically, if the source
directory is specified as empty string this mechanism is selected. An
example usage is --overlay=+/var::/var, which creates an overlay
mount based on the original /var contained in the image, overlayed
with a temporary directory in the host's /var/tmp. This way changes
to /var are automatically flushed when the container shuts down.
* systemd-nspawn --image= option does now permit raw file system block
devices (in addition to images containing partition tables, as
before).
* The disk image dissection logic in systemd-nspawn gained support for
automatically setting up LUKS encrypted as well as Verity protected
partitions. When a container is booted from an encrypted image the
passphrase is queried at start-up time. When a container with Verity
data is started, the root hash is search in a ".roothash" file
accompanying the disk image (alternatively, pass the root hash via
the new --root-hash= command line option).
* A new tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-dissect has been added that may
be used to dissect disk images the same way as systemd-nspawn does
it, following the Bootable Partition Specification. It may even be
used to mount disk images with complex partition setups (including
LUKS and Verity partitions) to a local host directory, in order to
inspect them. This tool is not considered public API (yet), and is
thus not installed into /usr/bin. Please do not rely on its
existence, since it might go away or be changed in later systemd
versions.
* A new generator "systemd-verity-generator" has been added, similar in
style to "systemd-cryptsetup-generator", permitting automatic setup of
Verity root partitions when systemd boots up. In order to make use of
this your partition setup should follow the Discoverable Partitions
Specification, and the GPT partition ID of the root file system
partition should be identical to the upper 128bit of the Verity root
hash. The GPT partition ID of the Verity partition protecting it
should be the lower 128bit of the Verity root hash. If the partition
image follows this model it is sufficient to specify a single
"roothash=" kernel command line argument to both configure which root
image and verity partition to use as well as the root hash for
it. Note that systemd-nspawn's Verity support follows the same
semantics, meaning that disk images with proper Verity data in place
may be booted in containers with systemd-nspawn as well as on
physical systems via the verity generator. Also note that the "mkosi"
tool available at https://github.com/systemd/mkosi has been updated
to generate Verity protected disk images following this scheme. In
fact, it has been updated to generate disk images that optionally
implement a complete UEFI SecureBoot trust chain, involving a signed
kernel and initrd image that incorporates such a root hash as well as
a Verity-enabled root partition.
* The hardware database (hwdb) udev supports has been updated to carry
accelerometer quirks.
* All system services are now run with a fresh kernel keyring set up
for them. The invocation ID is stored by default in it, thus
providing a safe, non-overridable way to determine the invocation
ID of each service.
* Service unit files gained new BindPaths= and BindReadOnlyPaths=
options for bind mounting arbitrary paths in a service-specific
way. When these options are used, arbitrary host or service files and
directories may be mounted to arbitrary locations in the service's
view.
* Documentation has been added that lists all of systemd's low-level
environment variables:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/blob/master/docs/ENVIRONMENT.md
* sd-daemon gained a new API sd_is_socket_sockaddr() for determining
whether a specific socket file descriptor matches a specified socket
address.
* systemd-firstboot has been updated to check for the
systemd.firstboot= kernel command line option. It accepts a boolean
and when set to false the first boot questions are skipped.
* systemd-fstab-generator has been updated to check for the
systemd.volatile= kernel command line option, which either takes an
optional boolean parameter or the special value "state". If used the
system may be booted in a "volatile" boot mode. Specifically,
"systemd.volatile" is used, the root directory will be mounted as
tmpfs, and only /usr is mounted from the actual root file system. If
"systemd.volatile=state" is used, the root directory will be mounted
as usual, but /var is mounted as tmpfs. This concept provides similar
functionality as systemd-nspawn's --volatile= option, but provides it
on physical boots. Use this option for implementing stateless
systems, or testing systems with all state and/or configuration reset
to the defaults. (Note though that many distributions are not
prepared to boot up without a populated /etc or /var, though.)
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator gained support for LUKS encrypted root
partitions. Previously it only supported LUKS encrypted partitions
for all other uses, except for the root partition itself.
* Socket units gained support for listening on AF_VSOCK sockets for
communication in virtualized QEMU environments.
* The "configure" script gained a new option --with-fallback-hostname=
for specifying the fallback hostname to use if none is configured in
/etc/hostname. For example, by specifying
--with-fallback-hostname=fedora it is possible to default to a
hostname of "fedora" on pristine installations.
* systemd-cgls gained support for a new --unit= switch for listing only
the control groups of a specific unit. Similar --user-unit= has been
added for listing only the control groups of a specific user unit.
* systemd-mount gained a new --umount switch for unmounting a mount or
automount point (and all mount/automount points below it).
* systemd will now refuse full configuration reloads (via systemctl
daemon-reload and related calls) unless at least 16MiB of free space
are available in /run. This is a safety precaution in order to ensure
that generators can safely operate after the reload completed.
* A new unit file option RootImage= has been added, which has a similar
effect as RootDirectory= but mounts the service's root directory from
a disk image instead of plain directory. This logic reuses the same
image dissection and mount logic that systemd-nspawn already uses,
and hence supports any disk images systemd-nspawn supports, including
those following the Discoverable Partition Specification, as well as
Verity enabled images. This option enables systemd to run system
services directly off disk images acting as resource bundles,
possibly even including full integrity data.
* A new MountAPIVFS= unit file option has been added, taking a boolean
argument. If enabled /proc, /sys and /dev (collectively called the
"API VFS") will be mounted for the service. This is only relevant if
RootDirectory= or RootImage= is used for the service, as these mounts
are of course in place in the host mount namespace anyway.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for a new --pivot-root= switch. If
specified the root directory within the container image is pivoted to
the specified mount point, while the original root disk is moved to a
different place. This option enables booting of ostree images
directly with systemd-nspawn.
* The systemd build scripts will no longer complain if the NTP server
addresses are not changed from the defaults. Google now supports
these NTP servers officially. We still recommend downstreams to
properly register an NTP pool with the NTP pool project though.
* coredumpctl gained a new "--reverse" option for printing the list
of coredumps in reverse order.
* coredumpctl will now show additional information about truncated and
inaccessible coredumps, as well as coredumps that are still being
processed. It also gained a new --quiet switch for suppressing
additional informational message in its output.
* coredumpctl gained support for only showing coredumps newer and/or
older than specific timestamps, using the new --since= and --until=
options, reminiscent of journalctl's options by the same name.
* The systemd-coredump logic has been improved so that it may be reused
to collect backtraces in non-compiled languages, for example in
scripting languages such as Python.
* machinectl will now show the UID shift of local containers, if user
namespacing is enabled for them.
* systemd will now optionally run "environment generator" binaries at
configuration load time. They may be used to add environment
variables to the environment block passed to services invoked. One
user environment generator is shipped by default that sets up
environment variables based on files dropped into /etc/environment.d
and ~/.config/environment.d/.
* systemd-resolved now includes the new, recently published 2017 DNSSEC
root key (KSK).
* hostnamed has been updated to report a new chassis type of
"convertible" to cover "foldable" laptops that can both act as a
tablet and as a laptop, such as various Lenovo Yoga devices.
Contributions from: Adrián López, Alexander Galanin, Alexander
Kochetkov, Alexandros Frantzis, Andrey Ulanov, Antoine Eiche, Baruch
Siach, Bastien Nocera, Benjamin Robin, Björn, Brandon Philips, Cédric
Schieli, Charles (Chas) Williams, Christian Hesse, Daniele Medri,
Daniel Drake, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Wagner, Dan Streetman, Dave Reisner,
David Glasser, David Herrmann, David Michael, Djalal Harouni, Dmitry
Khlebnikov, Dmitry Rozhkov, Dongsu Park, Douglas Christman, Earnestly,
Emil Soleyman, Eric Cook, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, Fionn
Cleary, Florian Klink, Francesco Brozzu, Franck Bui, Gabriel Rauter,
Gianluca Boiano, Giedrius Statkevičius, Graeme Lawes, Hans de Goede,
Harald Hoyer, Ian Kelling, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Wilk, Janne Heß, Jan
Synacek, Jason Reeder, Jonathan Boulle, Jörg Thalheim, Jouke Witteveen,
Karl Kraus, Kees Cook, Keith Busch, Kieran Colford, kilian-k, Lennart
Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas Werkmeister, Lukas Rusak, Maarten de
Vries, Maks Naumov, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Andre Lureau, Marcin Bachry,
Mark Stosberg, Martin Ejdestig, Martin Pitt, Mauricio Faria de
Oliveira, micah, Michael Biebl, Michael Shields, Michal Schmidt, Michal
Sekletar, Michel Kraus, Mike Gilbert, Mikko Ylinen, Mirza Krak,
Namhyung Kim, nikolaof, peoronoob, Peter Hutterer, Peter Körner, Philip
Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Ray Strode, Reverend Homer, Rike-Benjamin
Schuppner, Robert Kreuzer, Ronny Chevalier, Ruslan Bilovol, sammynx,
Sergey Ptashnick, Sergiusz Urbaniak, Stefan Berger, Stefan Hajnoczi,
Stefan Schweter, Stuart McLaren, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève,
Taylor Smock, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tibor
Nagy, Tobias Stoeckmann, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Viktar
Vaŭčkievič, Viktor Mihajlovski, Vitaly Sulimov, Waldemar Brodkorb,
Walter Garcia-Fontes, Wim de With, Yassine Imounachen, Yi EungJun,
YunQiang Su, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Александр
Тихонов
— Berlin, 2017-03-01
CHANGES WITH 232:
* udev now runs with MemoryDenyWriteExecute=, RestrictRealtime= and
RestrictAddressFamilies= enabled. These sandboxing options should
generally be compatible with the various external udev call-out
binaries we are aware of, however there may be exceptions, in
particular when exotic languages for these call-outs are used. In
this case, consider turning off these settings locally.
* The new RemoveIPC= option can be used to remove IPC objects owned by
the user or group of a service when that service exits.
* The new ProtectKernelModules= option can be used to disable explicit
load and unload operations of kernel modules by a service. In
addition access to /usr/lib/modules is removed if this option is set.
* ProtectSystem= option gained a new value "strict", which causes the
whole file system tree with the exception of /dev, /proc, and /sys,
to be remounted read-only for a service.
* The new ProtectKernelTunables= option can be used to disable
modification of configuration files in /sys and /proc by a service.
Various directories and files are remounted read-only, so access is
restricted even if the file permissions would allow it.
* The new ProtectControlGroups= option can be used to disable write
access by a service to /sys/fs/cgroup.
* Various systemd services have been hardened with
ProtectKernelTunables=yes, ProtectControlGroups=yes,
RestrictAddressFamilies=.
* Support for dynamically creating users for the lifetime of a service
has been added. If DynamicUser=yes is specified, user and group IDs
will be allocated from the range 61184..65519 for the lifetime of the
service. They can be resolved using the new nss-systemd.so NSS
module. The module must be enabled in /etc/nsswitch.conf. Services
started in this way have PrivateTmp= and RemoveIPC= enabled, so that
any resources allocated by the service will be cleaned up when the
service exits. They also have ProtectHome=read-only and
ProtectSystem=strict enabled, so they are not able to make any
permanent modifications to the system.
* The nss-systemd module also always resolves root and nobody, making
it possible to have no /etc/passwd or /etc/group files in minimal
container or chroot environments.
* Services may be started with their own user namespace using the new
boolean PrivateUsers= option. Only root, nobody, and the uid/gid
under which the service is running are mapped. All other users are
mapped to nobody.
* Support for the cgroup namespace has been added to systemd-nspawn. If
supported by kernel, the container system started by systemd-nspawn
will have its own view of the cgroup hierarchy. This new behaviour
can be disabled using $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_USE_CGNS environment variable.
* The new MemorySwapMax= option can be used to limit the maximum swap
usage under the unified cgroup hierarchy.
* Support for the CPU controller in the unified cgroup hierarchy has
been added, via the CPUWeight=, CPUStartupWeight=, CPUAccounting=
options. This controller requires out-of-tree patches for the kernel
and the support is provisional.
* Mount and automount units may now be created transiently
(i.e. dynamically at runtime via the bus API, instead of requiring
unit files in the file system).
* systemd-mount is a new tool which may mount file systems – much like
mount(8), optionally pulling in additional dependencies through
transient .mount and .automount units. For example, this tool
automatically runs fsck on a backing block device before mounting,
and allows the automount logic to be used dynamically from the
command line for establishing mount points. This tool is particularly
useful when dealing with removable media, as it will ensure fsck is
run – if necessary – before the first access and that the file system
is quickly unmounted after each access by utilizing the automount
logic. This maximizes the chance that the file system on the
removable media stays in a clean state, and if it isn't in a clean
state is fixed automatically.
* LazyUnmount=yes option for mount units has been added to expose the
umount --lazy option. Similarly, ForceUnmount=yes exposes the --force
option.
* /efi will be used as the mount point of the EFI boot partition, if
the directory is present, and the mount point was not configured
through other means (e.g. fstab). If /efi directory does not exist,
/boot will be used as before. This makes it easier to automatically
mount the EFI partition on systems where /boot is used for something
else.
* When operating on GPT disk images for containers, systemd-nspawn will
now mount the ESP to /boot or /efi according to the same rules as PID
1 running on a host. This allows tools like "bootctl" to operate
correctly within such containers, in order to make container images
bootable on physical systems.
* disk/by-id and disk/by-path symlinks are now created for NVMe drives.
* Two new user session targets have been added to support running
graphical sessions under the systemd --user instance:
graphical-session.target and graphical-session-pre.target. See
systemd.special(7) for a description of how those targets should be
used.
* The vconsole initialization code has been significantly reworked to
use KD_FONT_OP_GET/SET ioctls instead of KD_FONT_OP_COPY and better
support unicode keymaps. Font and keymap configuration will now be
copied to all allocated virtual consoles.
* FreeBSD's bhyve virtualization is now detected.
* Information recorded in the journal for core dumps now includes the
contents of /proc/mountinfo and the command line of the process at
the top of the process hierarchy (which is usually the init process
of the container).
* systemd-journal-gatewayd learned the --directory= option to serve
files from the specified location.
* journalctl --root=… can be used to peruse the journal in the
/var/log/ directories inside of a container tree. This is similar to
the existing --machine= option, but does not require the container to
be active.
* The hardware database has been extended to support
ID_INPUT_TRACKBALL, used in addition to ID_INPUT_MOUSE to identify
trackball devices.
MOUSE_WHEEL_CLICK_ANGLE_HORIZONTAL hwdb property has been added to
specify the click rate for mice which include a horizontal wheel with
a click rate that is different than the one for the vertical wheel.
* systemd-run gained a new --wait option that makes service execution
synchronous. (Specifically, the command will not return until the
specified service binary exited.)
* systemctl gained a new --wait option that causes the start command to
wait until the units being started have terminated again.
* A new journal output mode "short-full" has been added which displays
timestamps with abbreviated English day names and adds a timezone
suffix. Those timestamps include more information than the default
"short" output mode, and can be passed directly to journalctl's
--since= and --until= options.
* /etc/resolv.conf will be bind-mounted into containers started by
systemd-nspawn, if possible, so any changes to resolv.conf contents
are automatically propagated to the container.
* The number of instances for socket-activated services originating
from a single IP address can be limited with
MaxConnectionsPerSource=, extending the existing setting of
MaxConnections=.
* systemd-networkd gained support for vcan ("Virtual CAN") interface
configuration.
* .netdev and .network configuration can now be extended through
drop-ins.
* UDP Segmentation Offload, TCP Segmentation Offload, Generic
Segmentation Offload, Generic Receive Offload, Large Receive Offload
can be enabled and disabled using the new UDPSegmentationOffload=,
TCPSegmentationOffload=, GenericSegmentationOffload=,
GenericReceiveOffload=, LargeReceiveOffload= options in the
[Link] section of .link files.
* The Spanning Tree Protocol, Priority, Aging Time, and the Default
Port VLAN ID can be configured for bridge devices using the new STP=,
Priority=, AgeingTimeSec=, and DefaultPVID= settings in the [Bridge]
section of .netdev files.
* The route table to which routes received over DHCP or RA should be
added can be configured with the new RouteTable= option in the [DHCP]
and [IPv6AcceptRA] sections of .network files.
* The Address Resolution Protocol can be disabled on links managed by
systemd-networkd using the ARP=no setting in the [Link] section of
.network files.
* New environment variables $SERVICE_RESULT, $EXIT_CODE and
$EXIT_STATUS are set for ExecStop= and ExecStopPost= commands, and
encode information about the result and exit codes of the current
service runtime cycle.
* systemd-sysctl will now configure kernel parameters in the order
they occur in the configuration files. This matches what sysctl
has been traditionally doing.
* kernel-install "plugins" that are executed to perform various
tasks after a new kernel is added and before an old one is removed
can now return a special value to terminate the procedure and
prevent any later plugins from running.
* Journald's SplitMode=login setting has been deprecated. It has been
removed from documentation, and its use is discouraged. In a future
release it will be completely removed, and made equivalent to current
default of SplitMode=uid.
* Storage=both option setting in /etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been
removed. With fast LZ4 compression storing the core dump twice is not
useful.
* The --share-system systemd-nspawn option has been replaced with an
(undocumented) variable $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_SYSTEM, but the use of
this functionality is discouraged. In addition the variables
$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_IPC, $SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_PID,
$SYSTEMD_NSPAWN_SHARE_NS_UTS may be used to control the unsharing of
individual namespaces.
* "machinectl list" now shows the IP address of running containers in
the output, as well as OS release information.
* "loginctl list" now shows the TTY of each session in the output.
* sd-bus gained new API calls sd_bus_track_set_recursive(),
sd_bus_track_get_recursive(), sd_bus_track_count_name(),
sd_bus_track_count_sender(). They permit usage of sd_bus_track peer
tracking objects in a "recursive" mode, where a single client can be
counted multiple times, if it takes multiple references.
* sd-bus gained new API calls sd_bus_set_exit_on_disconnect() and
sd_bus_get_exit_on_disconnect(). They may be used to make a
process using sd-bus automatically exit if the bus connection is
severed.
* Bus clients of the service manager may now "pin" loaded units into
memory, by taking an explicit reference on them. This is useful to
ensure the client can retrieve runtime data about the service even
after the service completed execution. Taking such a reference is
available only for privileged clients and should be helpful to watch
running services in a race-free manner, and in particular collect
information about exit statuses and results.
* The nss-resolve module has been changed to strictly return UNAVAIL
when communication via D-Bus with resolved failed, and NOTFOUND when
a lookup completed but was negative. This means it is now possible to
neatly configure fallbacks using nsswitch.conf result checking
expressions. Taking benefit of this, the new recommended
configuration line for the "hosts" entry in /etc/nsswitch.conf is:
hosts: files mymachines resolve [!UNAVAIL=return] dns myhostname
* A new setting CtrlAltDelBurstAction= has been added to
/etc/systemd/system.conf which may be used to configure the precise
behaviour if the user on the console presses Ctrl-Alt-Del more often
than 7 times in 2s. Previously this would unconditionally result in
an expedited, immediate reboot. With this new setting the precise
operation may be configured in more detail, and also turned off
entirely.
* In .netdev files two new settings RemoteChecksumTx= and
RemoteChecksumRx= are now understood that permit configuring the
remote checksumming logic for VXLAN networks.
* The service manager learnt a new "invocation ID" concept for invoked
services. Each runtime cycle of a service will get a new invocation
ID (a 128bit random UUID) assigned that identifies the current
run of the service uniquely and globally. A new invocation ID
is generated each time a service starts up. The journal will store
the invocation ID of a service along with any logged messages, thus
making the invocation ID useful for matching the online runtime of a
service with the offline log data it generated in a safe way without
relying on synchronized timestamps. In many ways this new service
invocation ID concept is similar to the kernel's boot ID concept that
uniquely and globally identifies the runtime of each boot. The
invocation ID of a service is passed to the service itself via an
environment variable ($INVOCATION_ID). A new bus call
GetUnitByInvocationID() has been added that is similar to GetUnit()
but instead of retrieving the bus path for a unit by its name
retrieves it by its invocation ID. The returned path is valid only as
long as the passed invocation ID is current.
* systemd-resolved gained a new "DNSStubListener" setting in
resolved.conf. It either takes a boolean value or the special values
"udp" and "tcp", and configures whether to enable the stub DNS
listener on 127.0.0.53:53.
* IP addresses configured via networkd may now carry additional
configuration settings supported by the kernel. New options include:
HomeAddress=, DuplicateAddressDetection=, ManageTemporaryAddress=,
PrefixRoute=, AutoJoin=.
* The PAM configuration fragment file for "user@.service" shipped with
systemd (i.e. the --user instance of systemd) has been stripped to
the minimum necessary to make the system boot. Previously, it
contained Fedora-specific stanzas that did not apply to other
distributions. It is expected that downstream distributions add
additional configuration lines, matching their needs to this file,
using it only as rough template of what systemd itself needs. Note
that this reduced fragment does not even include an invocation of
pam_limits which most distributions probably want to add, even though
systemd itself does not need it. (There's also the new build time
option --with-pamconfdir=no to disable installation of the PAM
fragment entirely.)
* If PrivateDevices=yes is set for a service the CAP_SYS_RAWIO
capability is now also dropped from its set (in addition to
CAP_SYS_MKNOD as before).
* In service unit files it is now possible to connect a specific named
file descriptor with stdin/stdout/stdout of an executed service. The
name may be specified in matching .socket units using the
FileDescriptorName= setting.
* A number of journal settings may now be configured on the kernel
command line. Specifically, the following options are now understood:
systemd.journald.max_level_console=,
systemd.journald.max_level_store=,
systemd.journald.max_level_syslog=, systemd.journald.max_level_kmsg=,
systemd.journald.max_level_wall=.
* "systemctl is-enabled --full" will now show by which symlinks a unit
file is enabled in the unit dependency tree.
* Support for VeraCrypt encrypted partitions has been added to the
"cryptsetup" logic and /etc/crypttab.
* systemd-detect-virt gained support for a new --private-users switch
that checks whether the invoking processes are running inside a user
namespace. Similar, a new special value "private-users" for the
existing ConditionVirtualization= setting has been added, permitting
skipping of specific units in user namespace environments.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alexander Kuleshov, Alfie John,
Andreas Henriksson, Andrew Jeddeloh, Balázs Úr, Bart Rulon, Benjamin
Richter, Ben Gamari, Ben Harris, Brian J. Murrell, Christian Brauner,
Christian Rebischke, Clinton Roy, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez,
Daniel Hahler, Daniel Mack, Daniel Maixner, Daniel Rusek, Dan Dedrick,
Davide Cavalca, David Herrmann, David Michael, Dennis Wassenberg,
Djalal Harouni, Dongsu Park, Douglas Christman, Elias Probst, Eric
Cook, Erik Karlsson, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, Felix Zhang,
Franck Bui, George Hilliard, Giuseppe Scrivano, HATAYAMA Daisuke,
Heikki Kemppainen, Hendrik Brueckner, hi117, Ismo Puustinen, Ivan
Shapovalov, Jakub Filak, Jakub Wilk, Jan Synacek, Jason Kölker,
Jean-Sébastien Bour, Jiří Pírko, Jonathan Boulle, Jorge Niedbalski,
Keith Busch, kristbaum, Kyle Russell, Lans Zhang, Lennart Poettering,
Leonardo Brondani Schenkel, Lucas Werkmeister, Luca Bruno, Lukáš
Nykrýn, Maciek Borzecki, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
Marcel Holtmann, Marcos Mello, Martin Ejdestig, Martin Pitt, Matej
Habrnal, Maxime de Roucy, Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michael Hoy,
Michael Olbrich, Michael Pope, Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Mike
Gilbert, Nick Owens, Patrik Flykt, Paweł Szewczyk, Peter Hutterer,
Piotr Drąg, Reid Price, Richard W.M. Jones, Roman Stingler, Ronny
Chevalier, Seraphime Kirkovski, Stefan Schweter, Steve Muir, Susant
Sahani, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tiago Levit,
Tobias Jungel, Tomáš Janoušek, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Umut
Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito Caputo, WaLyong Cho, Wilhelm Schuster, Yann
E. MORIN, Yi EungJun, Yuki Inoguchi, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeal Jagannatha
— Santa Fe, 2016-11-03
CHANGES WITH 231:
* In service units the various ExecXYZ= settings have been extended
with an additional special character as first argument of the
assigned value: if the character '+' is used the specified command
line it will be run with full privileges, regardless of User=,
Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= and similar options. The effect is
similar to the existing PermissionsStartOnly= option, but allows
configuration of this concept for each executed command line
independently.
* Services may now alter the service watchdog timeout at runtime by
sending a WATCHDOG_USEC= message via sd_notify().
* MemoryLimit= and related unit settings now optionally take percentage
specifications. The percentage is taken relative to the amount of
physical memory in the system (or in case of containers, the assigned
amount of memory). This allows scaling service resources neatly with
the amount of RAM available on the system. Similarly, systemd-logind's
RuntimeDirectorySize= option now also optionally takes percentage
values.
* In similar fashion TasksMax= takes percentage values now, too. The
value is taken relative to the configured maximum number of processes
on the system. The per-service task maximum has been changed to 15%
using this functionality. (Effectively this is an increase of 512 →
4915 for service units, given the kernel's default pid_max setting.)
* Calendar time specifications in .timer units now understand a ".."
syntax for time ranges. Example: "4..7:10" may now be used for
defining a timer that is triggered at 4:10am, 5:10am, 6:10am and
7:10am every day.
* The InaccessableDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and
ReadWriteDirectories= unit file settings have been renamed to
InaccessablePaths=, ReadOnlyPaths= and ReadWritePaths= and may now be
applied to all kinds of file nodes, and not just directories, with
the exception of symlinks. Specifically these settings may now be
used on block and character device nodes, UNIX sockets and FIFOS as
well as regular files. The old names of these settings remain
available for compatibility.
* systemd will now log about all service processes it kills forcibly
(using SIGKILL) because they remained after the clean shutdown phase
of the service completed. This should help identifying services that
shut down uncleanly. Moreover if KillUserProcesses= is enabled in
systemd-logind's configuration a similar log message is generated for
processes killed at the end of each session due to this setting.
* systemd will now set the $JOURNAL_STREAM environment variable for all
services whose stdout/stderr are connected to the Journal (which
effectively means by default: all services). The variable contains
the device and inode number of the file descriptor used for
stdout/stderr. This may be used by invoked programs to detect whether
their stdout/stderr is connected to the Journal, in which case they
can switch over to direct Journal communication, thus being able to
pass extended, structured metadata along with their log messages. As
one example, this is now used by glib's logging primitives.
* When using systemd's default tmp.mount unit for /tmp, the mount point
will now be established with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This
avoids privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into
/tmp. However, this might cause problems if you e. g. put container
images or overlays into /tmp; if you need this, override tmp.mount's
"Options=" with a drop-in, or mount /tmp from /etc/fstab with your
desired options.
* systemd now supports the "memory" cgroup controller also on
cgroup v2.
* The systemd-cgtop tool now optionally takes a control group path as
command line argument. If specified, the control group list shown is
limited to subgroups of that group.
* The SystemCallFilter= unit file setting gained support for
pre-defined, named system call filter sets. For example
SystemCallFilter=@clock is now an effective way to make all clock
changing-related system calls unavailable to a service. A number of
similar pre-defined groups are defined. Writing system call filters
for system services is simplified substantially with this new
concept. Accordingly, all of systemd's own, long-running services now
enable system call filtering based on this, by default.
* A new service setting MemoryDenyWriteExecute= has been added, taking
a boolean value. If turned on, a service may no longer create memory
mappings that are writable and executable at the same time. This
enhances security for services where this is enabled as it becomes
harder to dynamically write and then execute memory in exploited
service processes. This option has been enabled for all of systemd's
own long-running services.
* A new RestrictRealtime= service setting has been added, taking a
boolean argument. If set the service's processes may no longer
acquire realtime scheduling. This improves security as realtime
scheduling may otherwise be used to easily freeze the system.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new switch --notify-ready= taking a boolean
value. This may be used for requesting that the system manager inside
of the container reports start-up completion to nspawn which then
propagates this notification further to the service manager
supervising nspawn itself. A related option NotifyReady= in .nspawn
files has been added too. This functionality allows ordering of the
start-up of multiple containers using the usual systemd ordering
primitives.
* machinectl gained a new command "stop" that is an alias for
"terminate".
* systemd-resolved gained support for contacting DNS servers on
link-local IPv6 addresses.
* If systemd-resolved receives the SIGUSR2 signal it will now flush all
its caches. A method call for requesting the same operation has been
added to the bus API too, and is made available via "systemd-resolve
--flush-caches".
* systemd-resolve gained a new --status switch. If passed a brief
summary of the used DNS configuration with per-interface information
is shown.
* resolved.conf gained a new Cache= boolean option, defaulting to
on. If turned off local DNS caching is disabled. This comes with a
performance penalty in particular when DNSSEC is enabled. Note that
resolved disables its internal caching implicitly anyway, when the
configured DNS server is on a host-local IP address such as ::1 or
127.0.0.1, thus automatically avoiding double local caching.
* systemd-resolved now listens on the local IP address 127.0.0.53:53
for DNS requests. This improves compatibility with local programs
that do not use the libc NSS or systemd-resolved's bus APIs for name
resolution. This minimal DNS service is only available to local
programs and does not implement the full DNS protocol, but enough to
cover local DNS clients. A new, static resolv.conf file, listing just
this DNS server is now shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf. It is
now recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to this file in
order to route all DNS lookups to systemd-resolved, regardless if
done via NSS, the bus API or raw DNS packets. Note that this local
DNS service is not as fully featured as the libc NSS or
systemd-resolved's bus APIs. For example, as unicast DNS cannot be
used to deliver link-local address information (as this implies
sending a local interface index along), LLMNR/mDNS support via this
interface is severely restricted. It is thus strongly recommended for
all applications to use the libc NSS API or native systemd-resolved
bus API instead.
* systemd-networkd's bridge support learned a new setting
VLANFiltering= for controlling VLAN filtering. Moreover a new section
in .network files has been added for configuring VLAN bridging in
more detail: VLAN=, EgressUntagged=, PVID= in [BridgeVLAN].
* systemd-networkd's IPv6 Router Advertisement code now makes use of
the DNSSL and RDNSS options. This means IPv6 DNS configuration may
now be acquired without relying on DHCPv6. Two new options
UseDomains= and UseDNS= have been added to configure this behaviour.
* systemd-networkd's IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= option has been
renamed IPv6AcceptRA=, without altering its behaviour. The old
setting name remains available for compatibility reasons.
* The systemd-networkd VTI/VTI6 tunneling support gained new options
Key=, InputKey= and OutputKey=.
* systemd-networkd gained support for VRF ("Virtual Routing Function")
interface configuration.
* "systemctl edit" may now be used to create new unit files by
specifying the --force switch.
* sd-event gained a new function sd_event_get_iteration() for
requesting the current iteration counter of the event loop. It starts
at zero and is increased by one with each event loop iteration.
* A new rpm macro %systemd_ordering is provided by the macros.systemd
file. It can be used in lieu of %systemd_requires in packages which
don't use any systemd functionality and are intended to be installed
in minimal containers without systemd present. This macro provides
ordering dependencies to ensure that if the package is installed in
the same rpm transaction as systemd, systemd will be installed before
the scriptlets for the package are executed, allowing unit presets
to be handled.
New macros %_systemdgeneratordir and %_systemdusergeneratordir have
been added to simplify packaging of generators.
* The os-release file gained VERSION_CODENAME field for the
distribution nickname (e.g. VERSION_CODENAME=woody).
* New udev property UDEV_DISABLE_PERSISTENT_STORAGE_RULES_FLAG=1
can be set to disable parsing of metadata and the creation
of persistent symlinks for that device.
* The v230 change to tag framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) with "uaccess"
to make them available to logged-in users has been reverted.
* Much of the common code of the various systemd components is now
built into an internal shared library libsystemd-shared-231.so
(incorporating the systemd version number in the name, to be updated
with future releases) that the components link to. This should
decrease systemd footprint both in memory during runtime and on
disk. Note that the shared library is not for public use, and is
neither API nor ABI stable, but is likely to change with every new
released update. Packagers need to make sure that binaries
linking to libsystemd-shared.so are updated in step with the
library.
* Configuration for "mkosi" is now part of the systemd
repository. mkosi is a tool to easily build legacy-free OS images,
and is available on github: https://github.com/systemd/mkosi. If
"mkosi" is invoked in the build tree a new raw OS image is generated
incorporating the systemd sources currently being worked on and a
clean, fresh distribution installation. The generated OS image may be
booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physical
UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
doc/HACKING for details.
* configure learned the --with-support-url= option to specify the
distribution's bugtracker.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alessandro Puccetti, Alessio Igor
Bogani, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gaynor, Andika
Triwidada, Andreas Pokorny, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Ansgar
Burchardt, Atrotors, Benjamin Drung, Brian Boylston, Christian Hesse,
Christian Rebischke, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David
Herrmann, David Michael, Djalal Harouni, Douglas Christman, Elias
Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Federico Mena Quintero, Felipe Sateler,
Franck Bui, Harald Hoyer, Ian Lee, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Wilk, Jan
Janssen, Jean-Sébastien Bour, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jouke
Witteveen, Kai Ruhnau, kpengboy, Kyle Walker, Lénaïc Huard, Lennart
Poettering, Luca Bruno, Lukas Lösche, Lukáš Nykrýn, mahkoh, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Marty Plummer, Matthieu Codron, Max Prokhorov,
Michael Biebl, Michael Karcher, Michael Olbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz,
Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Minkyung, Muhammet Kara, mulkieran,
Otto Wallenius, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes, Peter Hutterer, Ronny Chevalier,
Rusty Bird, Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas
Haller, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Jungel, Tom Gundersen, Tom Yan,
Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Valentin Vidić, Viktar Vaŭčkievič,
WaLyong Cho, Weng Xuetian, Werner Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2016-07-25
CHANGES WITH 230:
* DNSSEC is now turned on by default in systemd-resolved (in
"allow-downgrade" mode), but may be turned off during compile time by
passing "--with-default-dnssec=no" to "configure" (and of course,
during runtime with DNSSEC= in resolved.conf). We recommend
downstreams to leave this on at least during development cycles and
report any issues with the DNSSEC logic upstream. We are very
interested in collecting feedback about the DNSSEC validator and its
limitations in the wild. Note however, that DNSSEC support is
probably nothing downstreams should turn on in stable distros just
yet, as it might create incompatibilities with a few DNS servers and
networks. We tried hard to make sure we downgrade to non-DNSSEC mode
automatically whenever we detect such incompatible setups, but there
might be systems we do not cover yet. Hence: please help us testing
the DNSSEC code, leave this on where you can, report back, but then
again don't consider turning this on in your stable, LTS or
production release just yet. (Note that you have to enable
nss-resolve in /etc/nsswitch.conf, to actually use systemd-resolved
and its DNSSEC mode for host name resolution from local
applications.)
* systemd-resolve conveniently resolves DANE records with the --tlsa
option and OPENPGPKEY records with the --openpgp option. It also
supports dumping raw DNS record data via the new --raw= switch.
* systemd-logind will now by default terminate user processes that are
part of the user session scope unit (session-XX.scope) when the user
logs out. This behavior is controlled by the KillUserProcesses=
setting in logind.conf, and the previous default of "no" is now
changed to "yes". This means that user sessions will be properly
cleaned up after, but additional steps are necessary to allow
intentionally long-running processes to survive logout.
While the user is logged in at least once, user@.service is running,
and any service that should survive the end of any individual login
session can be started at a user service or scope using systemd-run.
systemd-run(1) man page has been extended with an example which shows
how to run screen in a scope unit underneath user@.service. The same
command works for tmux.
After the user logs out of all sessions, user@.service will be
terminated too, by default, unless the user has "lingering" enabled.
To effectively allow users to run long-term tasks even if they are
logged out, lingering must be enabled for them. See loginctl(1) for
details. The default polkit policy was modified to allow users to
set lingering for themselves without authentication.
Previous defaults can be restored at compile time by the
--without-kill-user-processes option to "configure".
* systemd-logind gained new configuration settings SessionsMax= and
InhibitorsMax=, both with a default of 8192. It will not register new
user sessions or inhibitors above this limit.
* systemd-logind will now reload configuration on SIGHUP.
* The unified cgroup hierarchy added in Linux 4.5 is now supported.
Use systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 on the kernel command line to
enable. Also, support for the "io" cgroup controller in the unified
hierarchy has been added, so that the "memory", "pids" and "io" are
now the controllers that are supported on the unified hierarchy.
WARNING: it is not possible to use previous systemd versions with
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1 and the new kernel. Therefore it
is necessary to also update systemd in the initramfs if using the
unified hierarchy. An updated SELinux policy is also required.
* LLDP support has been extended, and both passive (receive-only) and
active (sender) modes are supported. Passive mode ("routers-only") is
enabled by default in systemd-networkd. Active LLDP mode is enabled
by default for containers on the internal network. The "networkctl
lldp" command may be used to list information gathered. "networkctl
status" will also show basic LLDP information on connected peers now.
* The IAID and DUID unique identifier sent in DHCP requests may now be
configured for the system and each .network file managed by
systemd-networkd using the DUIDType=, DUIDRawData=, IAID= options.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring proxy ARP support for
each interface, via the ProxyArp= setting in .network files. It also
gained support for configuring the multicast querier feature of
bridge devices, via the new MulticastQuerier= setting in .netdev
files. Similarly, snooping on the IGMP traffic can be controlled
via the new setting MulticastSnooping=.
A new setting PreferredLifetime= has been added for addresses
configured in .network file to configure the lifetime intended for an
address.
The systemd-networkd DHCP server gained the option EmitRouter=, which
defaults to yes, to configure whether the DHCP Option 3 (Router)
should be emitted.
* The testing tool /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-activate is renamed to
systemd-socket-activate and installed into /usr/bin. It is now fully
supported.
* systemd-journald now uses separate threads to flush changes to disk
when closing journal files, thus reducing impact of slow disk I/O on
logging performance.
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_open_directory_fd() and sd_journal_open_files_fd() which
can be used to open journal files using file descriptors instead of
file or directory paths. sd_journal_open_container() has been
deprecated, sd_journal_open_directory_fd() should be used instead
with the flag SD_JOURNAL_OS_ROOT.
* journalctl learned a new output mode "-o short-unix" that outputs log
lines prefixed by their UNIX time (i.e. seconds since Jan 1st, 1970
UTC). It also gained support for a new --no-hostname setting to
suppress the hostname column in the family of "short" output modes.
* systemd-ask-password now optionally skips printing of the password to
stdout with --no-output which can be useful in scripts.
* Framebuffer devices (/dev/fb*) and 3D printers and scanners
(devices tagged with ID_MAKER_TOOL) are now tagged with
"uaccess" and are available to logged in users.
* The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports specifiers (with "%").
* "systemctl show" gained a new --value switch, which allows print a
only the contents of a specific unit property, without also printing
the property's name. Similar support was added to "show*" verbs
of loginctl and machinectl that output "key=value" lists.
* A new unit type "generated" was added for files dynamically generated
by generator tools. Similarly, a new unit type "transient" is used
for unit files created using the runtime API. "systemctl enable" will
refuse to operate on such files.
* A new command "systemctl revert" has been added that may be used to
revert to the vendor version of a unit file, in case local changes
have been made by adding drop-ins or overriding the unit file.
* "machinectl clean" gained a new verb to automatically remove all or
just hidden container images.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained support for a new line type "e" for emptying
directories, if they exist, without creating them if they don't.
* systemd-nspawn gained support for automatically patching the UID/GIDs
of the owners and the ACLs of all files and directories in a
container tree to match the UID/GID user namespacing range selected
for the container invocation. This mode is enabled via the new
--private-users-chown switch. It also gained support for
automatically choosing a free, previously unused UID/GID range when
starting a container, via the new --private-users=pick setting (which
implies --private-users-chown). Together, these options for the first
time make user namespacing for nspawn containers fully automatic and
thus deployable. The systemd-nspawn@.service template unit file has
been changed to use this functionality by default.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-zone= switch, that allows
creating ad-hoc virtual Ethernet links between multiple containers,
that only exist as long as at least one container referencing them is
running. This allows easy connecting of multiple containers with a
common link that implements an Ethernet broadcast domain. Each of
these network "zones" may be named relatively freely by the user, and
may be referenced by any number of containers, but each container may
only reference one of these "zones". On the lower level, this is
implemented by an automatically managed bridge network interface for
each zone, that is created when the first container referencing its
zone is created and removed when the last one referencing its zone
terminates.
* The default start timeout may now be configured on the kernel command
line via systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=. It was already
configurable via the DefaultTimeoutStartSec= option in
/etc/systemd/system.conf.
* Socket units gained a new TriggerLimitIntervalSec= and
TriggerLimitBurst= setting to configure a limit on the activation
rate of the socket unit.
* The LimitNICE= setting now optionally takes normal UNIX nice values
in addition to the raw integer limit value. If the specified
parameter is prefixed with "+" or "-" and is in the range -20..19 the
value is understood as UNIX nice value. If not prefixed like this it
is understood as raw RLIMIT_NICE limit.
* Note that the effect of the PrivateDevices= unit file setting changed
slightly with this release: the per-device /dev file system will be
mounted read-only from this version on, and will have "noexec"
set. This (minor) change of behavior might cause some (exceptional)
legacy software to break, when PrivateDevices=yes is set for its
service. Please leave PrivateDevices= off if you run into problems
with this.
* systemd-bootchart has been split out to a separate repository:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd-bootchart
* systemd-bus-proxyd has been removed, as kdbus is unlikely to still be
merged into the kernel in its current form.
* The compatibility libraries libsystemd-daemon.so,
libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-id128.so, and libsystemd-login.so
which have been deprecated since systemd-209 have been removed along
with the corresponding pkg-config files. All symbols provided by
those libraries are provided by libsystemd.so.
* The Capabilities= unit file setting has been removed (it is ignored
for backwards compatibility). AmbientCapabilities= and
CapabilityBoundingSet= should be used instead.
* A new special target has been added, initrd-root-device.target,
which creates a synchronization point for dependencies of the root
device in early userspace. Initramfs builders must ensure that this
target is now included in early userspace.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Shopov,
Alex Crawford, Andre Klärner, Andrew Eikum, Beniamino Galvani, Benjamin
Robin, Biao Lu, Bjørnar Ness, Calvin Owens, Christian Hesse, Clemens
Gruber, Colin Guthrie, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh,
Daniel Mack, Dan Nicholson, daurnimator, David Herrmann, David
R. Hedges, Elias Probst, Emmanuel Gil Peyrot, EMOziko, Evgeny
Vereshchagin, Federico, Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck
Bui, frankheckenbach, gdamjan, Georgia Brikis, Harald Hoyer, Hendrik
Brueckner, Hristo Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Ian Kelling, Ismo
Puustinen, Jakub Wilk, Jaroslav Škarvada, Jeff Huang, Joel Holdsworth,
John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathan Boulle, kayrus, Klearchos
Chaloulos, Kyle Russell, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir
Rintel, Lukáš Nykrýn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt,
Michael Biebl, michaelolbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletar, Mike Frysinger, Mike Gilbert, Mingcong Bai, Ming Lin,
mulkieran, muzena, Nalin Dahyabhai, Naohiro Aota, Nathan McSween,
Nicolas Braud-Santoni, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern,
Petr Lautrbach, Petros Angelatos, Piotr Drąg, Rabin Vincent, Robert
Węcławski, Ronny Chevalier, Samuel Tardieu, Stefan Saraev, Stefan
Schallenberg aka nafets227, Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
Plantefève, Taylor Smock, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas Haller,
Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias Klauser, Tom Gundersen, topimiettinen,
Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uwe Kleine-König, Victor Toso,
Vinay Kulkarni, Vito Caputo, Vittorio G (VittGam), Vladimir Panteleev,
Wieland Hoffmann, Wouter Verhelst, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Fairfax, 2016-05-21
CHANGES WITH 229:
* The systemd-resolved DNS resolver service has gained a substantial
set of new features, most prominently it may now act as a DNSSEC
validating stub resolver. DNSSEC mode is currently turned off by
default, but is expected to be turned on by default in one of the
next releases. For now, we invite everybody to test the DNSSEC logic
by setting DNSSEC=allow-downgrade in /etc/systemd/resolved.conf. The
service also gained a full set of D-Bus interfaces, including calls
to configure DNS and DNSSEC settings per link (for use by external
network management software). systemd-resolved and systemd-networkd
now distinguish between "search" and "routing" domains. The former
are used to qualify single-label names, the latter are used purely
for routing lookups within certain domains to specific links.
resolved now also synthesizes RRs for all entries from /etc/hosts.
* The systemd-resolve tool (which is a client utility for
systemd-resolved) has been improved considerably and is now fully
supported and documented. Hence it has moved from /usr/lib/systemd to
/usr/bin.
* /dev/disk/by-path/ symlink support has been (re-)added for virtio
devices.
* The coredump collection logic has been reworked: when a coredump is
collected it is now written to disk, compressed and processed
(including stacktrace extraction) from a new instantiated service
systemd-coredump@.service, instead of directly from the
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook we provide. This is beneficial as
processing large coredumps can take up a substantial amount of
resources and time, and this previously happened entirely outside of
systemd's service supervision. With the new logic the core_pattern
hook only does minimal metadata collection before passing off control
to the new instantiated service, which is configured with a time
limit, a nice level and other settings to minimize negative impact on
the rest of the system. Also note that the new logic will honour the
RLIMIT_CORE setting of the crashed process, which now allows users
and processes to turn off coredumping for their processes by setting
this limit.
* The RLIMIT_CORE resource limit now defaults to "unlimited" for PID 1
and all forked processes by default. Previously, PID 1 would leave
the setting at "0" for all processes, as set by the kernel. Note that
the resource limit traditionally has no effect on the generated
coredumps on the system if the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern hook
logic is used. Since the limit is now honoured (see above) its
default has been changed so that the coredumping logic is enabled by
default for all processes, while allowing specific opt-out.
* When the stacktrace is extracted from processes of system users, this
is now done as "systemd-coredump" user, in order to sandbox this
potentially security sensitive parsing operation. (Note that when
processing coredumps of normal users this is done under the user ID
of process that crashed, as before.) Packagers should take notice
that it is now necessary to create the "systemd-coredump" system user
and group at package installation time.
* The systemd-activate socket activation testing tool gained support
for SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets using the new --datagram
and --seqpacket switches. It also has been extended to support both
new-style and inetd-style file descriptor passing. Use the new
--inetd switch to request inetd-style file descriptor passing.
* Most systemd tools now honor a new $SYSTEMD_COLORS environment
variable, which takes a boolean value. If set to false, ANSI color
output is disabled in the tools even when run on a terminal that
supports it.
* The VXLAN support in networkd now supports two new settings
DestinationPort= and PortRange=.
* A new systemd.machine_id= kernel command line switch has been added,
that may be used to set the machine ID in /etc/machine-id if it is
not initialized yet. This command line option has no effect if the
file is already initialized.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --as-pid2 switch that invokes any
specified command line as PID 2 rather than PID 1 in the
container. In this mode PID 1 is a minimal stub init process that
implements the special POSIX and Linux semantics of PID 1 regarding
signal and child process management. Note that this stub init process
is implemented in nspawn itself and requires no support from the
container image. This new logic is useful to support running
arbitrary commands in the container, as normal processes are
generally not prepared to run as PID 1.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --chdir= switch for setting the current
working directory for the process started in the container.
* "journalctl /dev/sda" will now output all kernel log messages for
specified device from the current boot, in addition to all devices
that are parents of it. This should make log output about devices
pretty useful, as long as kernel drivers attach enough metadata to
the log messages. (The usual SATA drivers do.)
* The sd-journal API gained two new calls
sd_journal_has_runtime_files() and sd_journal_has_persistent_files()
that report whether log data from /run or /var has been found.
* journalctl gained a new switch "--fields" that prints all journal
record field names currently in use in the journal. This is backed
by two new sd-journal API calls sd_journal_enumerate_fields() and
sd_journal_restart_fields().
* Most configurable timeouts in systemd now expect an argument of
"infinity" to turn them off, instead of "0" as before. The semantics
from now on is that a timeout of "0" means "now", and "infinity"
means "never". To maintain backwards compatibility, "0" continues to
turn off previously existing timeout settings.
* "systemctl reload-or-try-restart" has been renamed to "systemctl
try-reload-or-restart" to clarify what it actually does: the "try"
logic applies to both reloading and restarting, not just restarting.
The old name continues to be accepted for compatibility.
* On boot-up, when PID 1 detects that the system clock is behind the
release date of the systemd version in use, the clock is now set
to the latter. Previously, this was already done in timesyncd, in order
to avoid running with clocks set to the various clock epochs such as
1902, 1938 or 1970. With this change the logic is now done in PID 1
in addition to timesyncd during early boot-up, so that it is enforced
before the first process is spawned by systemd. Note that the logic
in timesyncd remains, as it is more comprehensive and ensures
clock monotonicity by maintaining a persistent timestamp file in
/var. Since /var is generally not available in earliest boot or the
initrd, this part of the logic remains in timesyncd, and is not done
by PID 1.
* Support for tweaking details in net_cls.class_id through the
NetClass= configuration directive has been removed, as the kernel
people have decided to deprecate that controller in cgroup v2.
Userspace tools such as nftables are moving over to setting rules
that are specific to the full cgroup path of a task, which obsoletes
these controllers anyway. The NetClass= directive is kept around for
legacy compatibility reasons. For a more in-depth description of the
kernel change, please refer to the respective upstream commit:
https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=bd1060a1d671
* A new service setting RuntimeMaxSec= has been added that may be used
to specify a maximum runtime for a service. If the timeout is hit, the
service is terminated and put into a failure state.
* A new service setting AmbientCapabilities= has been added. It allows
configuration of additional Linux process capabilities that are
passed to the activated processes. This is only available on very
recent kernels.
* The process resource limit settings in service units may now be used
to configure hard and soft limits individually.
* The various libsystemd APIs such as sd-bus or sd-event now publicly
expose support for gcc's __attribute__((cleanup())) C extension.
Specifically, for many object destructor functions alternative
versions have been added that have names suffixed with "p" and take a
pointer to a pointer to the object to destroy, instead of just a
pointer to the object itself. This is useful because these destructor
functions may be used directly as parameters to the cleanup
construct. Internally, systemd has been a heavy user of this GCC
extension for a long time, and with this change similar support is
now available to consumers of the library outside of systemd. Note
that by using this extension in your sources compatibility with old
and strictly ANSI compatible C compilers is lost. However, all gcc or
LLVM versions of recent years support this extension.
* Timer units gained support for a new setting RandomizedDelaySec= that
allows configuring some additional randomized delay to the configured
time. This is useful to spread out timer events to avoid load peaks in
clusters or larger setups.
* Calendar time specifications now support sub-second accuracy.
* Socket units now support listening on SCTP and UDP-lite protocol
sockets.
* The sd-event API now comes with a full set of man pages.
* Older versions of systemd contained experimental support for
compressing journal files and coredumps with the LZ4 compressor that
was not compatible with the lz4 binary (due to API limitations of the
lz4 library). This support has been removed; only support for files
compatible with the lz4 binary remains. This LZ4 logic is now
officially supported and no longer considered experimental.
* The dkr image import logic has been removed again from importd. dkr's
micro-services focus doesn't fit into the machine image focus of
importd, and quickly got out of date with the upstream dkr API.
* Creation of the /run/lock/lockdev/ directory was dropped from
tmpfiles.d/legacy.conf. Better locking mechanisms like flock() have
been available for many years. If you still need this, you need to
create your own tmpfiles.d config file with:
d /run/lock/lockdev 0775 root lock -
* The settings StartLimitBurst=, StartLimitInterval=, StartLimitAction=
and RebootArgument= have been moved from the [Service] section of
unit files to [Unit], and they are now supported on all unit types,
not just service units. Of course, systemd will continue to
understand these settings also at the old location, in order to
maintain compatibility.
Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Alban Crequy, Aleksander
Adamowski, Alexander Kuleshov, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei Borzenkov,
Andrew Wilcox, Arthur Clement, Beniamino Galvani, Casey Schaufler,
Chris Atkinson, Chris Mayo, Christian Hesse, Damjan Georgievski, Dan
Dedrick, Daniele Medri, Daniel J Walsh, Daniel Korostil, Daniel Mack,
David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominik Hannen, Douglas Christman,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Gabor Kelemen,
Harald Hoyer, Hayden Walles, Helmut Grohne, Henrik Kaare Poulsen,
Hristo Venev, Hui Wang, Indrajit Raychaudhuri, Ismo Puustinen, Jakub
Wilk, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig), Jan Engelhardt, Jan Synacek,
Joost Bremmer, Jorgen Schaefer, Karel Zak, Klearchos Chaloulos,
lc85446, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer,
Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar, Nicolas Cornu, Nicolas Iooss, Nils
Carlson, nmartensen, nnz1024, Patrick Ohly, Peter Hutterer, Phillip Sz,
Ronny Chevalier, Samu Kallio, Shawn Landden, Stef Walter, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Tadej Janež, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito
Caputo, WaLyong Cho, Yu Watanabe, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2016-02-11
CHANGES WITH 228:
* A number of properties previously only settable in unit
files are now also available as properties to set when
creating transient units programmatically via the bus, as it
is exposed with systemd-run's --property=
setting. Specifically, these are: SyslogIdentifier=,
SyslogLevelPrefix=, TimerSlackNSec=, OOMScoreAdjust=,
EnvironmentFile=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
ReadOnlyDirectories=, InaccessibleDirectories=,
ProtectSystem=, ProtectHome=, RuntimeDirectory=.
* When creating transient services via the bus API it is now
possible to pass in a set of file descriptors to use as
STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR for the invoked process.
* Slice units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs,
similar to the way service and scope units may already be
created transiently.
* Wherever systemd expects a calendar timestamp specification
(like in journalctl's --since= and --until= switches) UTC
timestamps are now supported. Timestamps suffixed with "UTC"
are now considered to be in Universal Time Coordinated
instead of the local timezone. Also, timestamps may now
optionally be specified with sub-second accuracy. Both of
these additions also apply to recurring calendar event
specification, such as OnCalendar= in timer units.
* journalctl gained a new "--sync" switch that asks the
journal daemon to write all so far unwritten log messages to
disk and sync the files, before returning.
* systemd-tmpfiles learned two new line types "q" and "Q" that
operate like "v", but also set up a basic btrfs quota
hierarchy when used on a btrfs file system with quota
enabled.
* tmpfiles' "v", "q" and "Q" will now create a plain directory
instead of a subvolume (even on a btrfs file system) if the
root directory is a plain directory, and not a
subvolume. This should simplify things with certain chroot()
environments which are not aware of the concept of btrfs
subvolumes.
* systemd-detect-virt gained a new --chroot switch to detect
whether execution takes place in a chroot() environment.
* CPUAffinity= now takes CPU index ranges in addition to
individual indexes.
* The various memory-related resource limit settings (such as
LimitAS=) now understand the usual K, M, G, ... suffixes to
the base of 1024 (IEC). Similar, the time-related resource
limit settings understand the usual min, h, day, ...
suffixes now.
* There's a new system.conf setting DefaultTasksMax= to
control the default TasksMax= setting for services and
scopes running on the system. (TasksMax= is the primary
setting that exposes the "pids" cgroup controller on systemd
and was introduced in the previous systemd release.) The
setting now defaults to 512, which means services that are
not explicitly configured otherwise will only be able to
create 512 processes or threads at maximum, from this
version on. Note that this means that thread- or
process-heavy services might need to be reconfigured to set
TasksMax= to a higher value. It is sufficient to set
TasksMax= in these specific unit files to a higher value, or
even "infinity". Similar, there's now a logind.conf setting
UserTasksMax= that defaults to 4096 and limits the total
number of processes or tasks each user may own
concurrently. nspawn containers also have the TasksMax=
value set by default now, to 8192. Note that all of this
only has an effect if the "pids" cgroup controller is
enabled in the kernel. The general benefit of these changes
should be a more robust and safer system, that provides a
certain amount of per-service fork() bomb protection.
* systemd-nspawn gained the new --network-veth-extra= switch
to define additional and arbitrarily-named virtual Ethernet
links between the host and the container.
* A new service execution setting PassEnvironment= has been
added that allows importing select environment variables
from PID1's environment block into the environment block of
the service.
* Timer units gained support for a new RemainAfterElapse=
setting which takes a boolean argument. It defaults to on,
exposing behaviour unchanged to previous releases. If set to
off, timer units are unloaded after they elapsed if they
cannot elapse again. This is particularly useful for
transient timer units, which shall not stay around longer
than until they first elapse.
* systemd will now bump the net.unix.max_dgram_qlen to 512 by
default now (the kernel default is 16). This is beneficial
for avoiding blocking on AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM sockets since it
allows substantially larger numbers of queued
datagrams. This should increase the capability of systemd to
parallelize boot-up, as logging and sd_notify() are unlikely
to stall execution anymore. If you need to change the value
from the new defaults, use the usual sysctl.d/ snippets.
* The compression framing format used by the journal or
coredump processing has changed to be in line with what the
official LZ4 tools generate. LZ4 compression support in
systemd was considered unsupported previously, as the format
was not compatible with the normal tools. With this release
this has changed now, and it is hence safe for downstream
distributions to turn it on. While not compressing as well
as the XZ, LZ4 is substantially faster, which makes
it a good default choice for the compression logic in the
journal and in coredump handling.
* Any reference to /etc/mtab has been dropped from
systemd. The file has been obsolete since a while, but
systemd refused to work on systems where it was incorrectly
set up (it should be a symlink or non-existent). Please make
sure to update to util-linux 2.27.1 or newer in conjunction
with this systemd release, which also drops any reference to
/etc/mtab. If you maintain a distribution make sure that no
software you package still references it, as this is a
likely source of bugs. There's also a glibc bug pending,
asking for removal of any reference to this obsolete file:
https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=19108
Note that only util-linux versions built with
--enable-libmount-force-mountinfo are supported.
* Support for the ".snapshot" unit type has been removed. This
feature turned out to be little useful and little used, and
has now been removed from the core and from systemctl.
* The dependency types RequiresOverridable= and
RequisiteOverridable= have been removed from systemd. They
have been used only very sparingly to our knowledge and
other options that provide a similar effect (such as
systemctl --mode=ignore-dependencies) are much more useful
and commonly used. Moreover, they were only half-way
implemented as the option to control behaviour regarding
these dependencies was never added to systemctl. By removing
these dependency types the execution engine becomes a bit
simpler. Unit files that use these dependencies should be
changed to use the non-Overridable dependency types
instead. In fact, when parsing unit files with these
options, that's what systemd will automatically convert them
too, but it will also warn, asking users to fix the unit
files accordingly. Removal of these dependency types should
only affect a negligible number of unit files in the wild.
* Behaviour of networkd's IPForward= option changed
(again). It will no longer maintain a per-interface setting,
but propagate one way from interfaces where this is enabled
to the global kernel setting. The global setting will be
enabled when requested by a network that is set up, but
never be disabled again. This change was made to make sure
IPv4 and IPv6 behaviour regarding packet forwarding is
similar (as the Linux IPv6 stack does not support
per-interface control of this setting) and to minimize
surprises.
* In unit files the behaviour of %u, %U, %h, %s has
changed. These specifiers will now unconditionally resolve
to the various user database fields of the user that the
systemd instance is running as, instead of the user
configured in the specific unit via User=. Note that this
effectively doesn't change much, as resolving of these
specifiers was already turned off in the --system instance
of systemd, as we cannot do NSS lookups from PID 1. In the
--user instance of systemd these specifiers where correctly
resolved, but hardly made any sense, since the user instance
lacks privileges to do user switches anyway, and User= is
hence useless. Moreover, even in the --user instance of
systemd behaviour was awkward as it would only take settings
from User= assignment placed before the specifier into
account. In order to unify and simplify the logic around
this the specifiers will now always resolve to the
credentials of the user invoking the manager (which in case
of PID 1 is the root user).
Contributions from: Andrew Jones, Beniamino Galvani, Boyuan
Yang, Daniel Machon, Daniel Mack, David Herrmann, David
Reynolds, David Strauss, Dongsu Park, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Franck Bui, Hristo
Venev, Iago López Galeiras, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jan
Synacek, Jesus Ornelas Aguayo, Karel Zak, kayrus, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Liu Yuan Yuan, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Marcin Bachry, Marcos Alano, Marcos Mello, Mark
Theunissen, Martin Pitt, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mirco Tischler, Nick Owens,
Nicolas Cornu, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer, reverendhomer,
Ronny Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Seong-ho Cho, Shawn Landden,
Susant Sahani, Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Vito Caputo, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-11-18
CHANGES WITH 227:
* systemd now depends on util-linux v2.27. More specifically,
the newly added mount monitor feature in libmount now
replaces systemd's former own implementation.
* libmount mandates /etc/mtab not to be regular file, and
systemd now enforces this condition at early boot.
/etc/mtab has been deprecated and warned about for a very
long time, so systems running systemd should already have
stopped having this file around as anything else than a
symlink to /proc/self/mounts.
* Support for the "pids" cgroup controller has been added. It
allows accounting the number of tasks in a cgroup and
enforcing limits on it. This adds two new setting
TasksAccounting= and TasksMax= to each unit, as well as a
global option DefaultTasksAccounting=.
* Support for the "net_cls" cgroup controller has been added.
It allows assigning a net class ID to each task in the
cgroup, which can then be used in firewall rules and traffic
shaping configurations. Note that the kernel netfilter net
class code does not currently work reliably for ingress
packets on unestablished sockets.
This adds a new config directive called NetClass= to CGroup
enabled units. Allowed values are positive numbers for fixed
assignments and "auto" for picking a free value
automatically.
* 'systemctl is-system-running' now returns 'offline' if the
system is not booted with systemd. This command can now be
used as a substitute for 'systemd-notify --booted'.
* Watchdog timeouts have been increased to 3 minutes for all
in-tree service files. Apparently, disk IO issues are more
frequent than we hoped, and user reported >1 minute waiting
for disk IO.
* 'machine-id-commit' functionality has been merged into
'machine-id-setup --commit'. The separate binary has been
removed.
* The WorkingDirectory= directive in unit files may now be set
to the special value '~'. In this case, the working
directory is set to the home directory of the user
configured in User=.
* "machinectl shell" will now open the shell in the home
directory of the selected user by default.
* The CrashChVT= configuration file setting is renamed to
CrashChangeVT=, following our usual logic of not
abbreviating unnecessarily. The old directive is still
supported for compat reasons. Also, this directive now takes
an integer value between 1 and 63, or a boolean value. The
formerly supported '-1' value for disabling stays around for
compat reasons.
* The PrivateTmp=, PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork=,
NoNewPrivileges=, TTYPath=, WorkingDirectory= and
RootDirectory= properties can now be set for transient
units.
* The systemd-analyze tool gained a new "set-log-target" verb
to change the logging target the system manager logs to
dynamically during runtime. This is similar to how
"systemd-analyze set-log-level" already changes the log
level.
* In nspawn /sys is now mounted as tmpfs, with only a selected
set of subdirectories mounted in from the real sysfs. This
enhances security slightly, and is useful for ensuring user
namespaces work correctly.
* Support for USB FunctionFS activation has been added. This
allows implementation of USB gadget services that are
activated as soon as they are requested, so that they don't
have to run continuously, similar to classic socket
activation.
* The "systemctl exit" command now optionally takes an
additional parameter that sets the exit code to return from
the systemd manager when exiting. This is only relevant when
running the systemd user instance, or when running the
system instance in a container.
* sd-bus gained the new API calls sd_bus_path_encode_many()
and sd_bus_path_decode_many() that allow easy encoding and
decoding of multiple identifier strings inside a D-Bus
object path. Another new call sd_bus_default_flush_close()
has been added to flush and close per-thread default
connections.
* systemd-cgtop gained support for a -M/--machine= switch to
show the control groups within a certain container only.
* "systemctl kill" gained support for an optional --fail
switch. If specified the requested operation will fail of no
processes have been killed, because the unit had no
processes attached, or similar.
* A new systemd.crash_reboot=1 kernel command line option has
been added that triggers a reboot after crashing. This can
also be set through CrashReboot= in systemd.conf.
* The RuntimeDirectory= setting now understands unit
specifiers like %i or %f.
* A new (still internal) library API sd-ipv4acd has been added,
that implements address conflict detection for IPv4. It's
based on code from sd-ipv4ll, and will be useful for
detecting DHCP address conflicts.
* File descriptors passed during socket activation may now be
named. A new API sd_listen_fds_with_names() is added to
access the names. The default names may be overridden,
either in the .socket file using the FileDescriptorName=
parameter, or by passing FDNAME= when storing the file
descriptors using sd_notify().
* systemd-networkd gained support for:
- Setting the IPv6 Router Advertisement settings via
IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= in .network files.
- Configuring the HelloTimeSec=, MaxAgeSec= and
ForwardDelaySec= bridge parameters in .netdev files.
- Configuring PreferredSource= for static routes in
.network files.
* The "ask-password" framework used to query for LUKS harddisk
passwords or SSL passwords during boot gained support for
caching passwords in the kernel keyring, if it is
available. This makes sure that the user only has to type in
a passphrase once if there are multiple objects to unlock
with the same one. Previously, such password caching was
available only when Plymouth was used; this moves the
caching logic into the systemd codebase itself. The
"systemd-ask-password" utility gained a new --keyname=
switch to control which kernel keyring key to use for
caching a password in. This functionality is also useful for
enabling display managers such as gdm to automatically
unlock the user's GNOME keyring if its passphrase, the
user's password and the harddisk password are the same, if
gdm-autologin is used.
* When downloading tar or raw images using "machinectl
pull-tar" or "machinectl pull-raw", a matching ".nspawn"
file is now also downloaded, if it is available and stored
next to the image file.
* Units of type ".socket" gained a new boolean setting
Writable= which is only useful in conjunction with
ListenSpecial=. If true, enables opening the specified
special file in O_RDWR mode rather than O_RDONLY mode.
* systemd-rfkill has been reworked to become a singleton
service that is activated through /dev/rfkill on each rfkill
state change and saves the settings to disk. This way,
systemd-rfkill is now compatible with devices that exist
only intermittendly, and even restores state if the previous
system shutdown was abrupt rather than clean.
* The journal daemon gained support for vacuuming old journal
files controlled by the number of files that shall remain,
in addition to the already existing control by size and by
date. This is useful as journal interleaving performance
degrades with too many separate journal files, and allows
putting an effective limit on them. The new setting defaults
to 100, but this may be changed by setting SystemMaxFiles=
and RuntimeMaxFiles= in journald.conf. Also, the
"journalctl" tool gained the new --vacuum-files= switch to
manually vacuum journal files to leave only the specified
number of files in place.
* udev will now create /dev/disk/by-path links for ATA devices
on kernels where that is supported.
* Galician, Serbian, Turkish and Korean translations were added.
Contributions from: Aaro Koskinen, Alban Crequy, Beniamino
Galvani, Benjamin Robin, Branislav Blaskovic, Chen-Han Hsiao
(Stanley), Daniel Buch, Daniel Machon, Daniel Mack, David
Herrmann, David Milburn, doubleodoug, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Felipe Franciosi, Filipe Brandenburger, Fran Dieguez, Gabriel
de Perthuis, Georg Müller, Hans de Goede, Hendrik Brueckner,
Ivan Shapovalov, Jacob Keller, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen,
Jan Synacek, Jens Kuske, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Krzesimir
Nowak, Krzysztof Kotlenga, Lars Uebernickel, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Łukasz Stelmach, Maciej Wereski,
Marcel Holtmann, Marius Thesing, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl,
Michael Gebetsroither, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mike
Gilbert, Muhammet Kara, nazgul77, Nicolas Cornu, NoXPhasma,
Olof Johansson, Patrik Flykt, Pawel Szewczyk, reverendhomer,
Ronny Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Seong-ho Cho, Susant Sahani,
Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Lyon, Viktar Vauchkevich,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Марко М. Костић
— Berlin, 2015-10-07
CHANGES WITH 226:
* The DHCP implementation of systemd-networkd gained a set of
new features:
- The DHCP server now supports emitting DNS and NTP
information. It may be enabled and configured via
EmitDNS=, DNS=, EmitNTP=, and NTP=. If transmission of DNS
and NTP information is enabled, but no servers are
configured, the corresponding uplink information (if there
is any) is propagated.
- Server and client now support transmission and reception
of timezone information. It can be configured via the
newly introduced network options UseTimezone=,
EmitTimezone=, and Timezone=. Transmission of timezone
information is enabled between host and containers by
default now: the container will change its local timezone
to what the host has set.
- Lease timeouts can now be configured via
MaxLeaseTimeSec= and DefaultLeaseTimeSec=.
- The DHCP server improved on the stability of
leases. Clients are more likely to get the same lease
information back, even if the server loses state.
- The DHCP server supports two new configuration options to
control the lease address pool metrics, PoolOffset= and
PoolSize=.
* The encapsulation limit of tunnels in systemd-networkd may
now be configured via 'EncapsulationLimit='. It allows
modifying the maximum additional levels of encapsulation
that are permitted to be prepended to a packet.
* systemd now supports the concept of user buses replacing
session buses, if used with dbus-1.10 (and enabled via dbus
--enable-user-session). It previously only supported this on
kdbus-enabled systems, and this release expands this to
'dbus-daemon' systems.
* systemd-networkd now supports predictable interface names
for virtio devices.
* systemd now optionally supports the new Linux kernel
"unified" control group hierarchy. If enabled via the kernel
command-line option 'systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1',
systemd will try to mount the unified cgroup hierarchy
directly on /sys/fs/cgroup. If not enabled, or not
available, systemd will fall back to the legacy cgroup
hierarchy setup, as before. Host system and containers can
mix and match legacy and unified hierarchies as they
wish. nspawn understands the $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY
environment variable to individually select the hierarchy to
use for executed containers. By default, nspawn will use the
unified hierarchy for the containers if the host uses the
unified hierarchy, and the legacy hierarchy otherwise.
Please note that at this point the unified hierarchy is an
experimental kernel feature and is likely to change in one
of the next kernel releases. Therefore, it should not be
enabled by default in downstream distributions yet. The
minimum required kernel version for the unified hierarchy to
work is 4.2. Note that when the unified hierarchy is used
for the first time delegated access to controllers is
safe. Because of this systemd-nspawn containers will get
access to controllers now, as will systemd user
sessions. This means containers and user sessions may now
manage their own resources, partitioning up what the system
grants them.
* A new special scope unit "init.scope" has been introduced
that encapsulates PID 1 of the system. It may be used to
determine resource usage and enforce resource limits on PID
1 itself. PID 1 hence moved out of the root of the control
group tree.
* The cgtop tool gained support for filtering out kernel
threads when counting tasks in a control group. Also, the
count of processes is now recursively summed up by
default. Two options -k and --recursive= have been added to
revert to old behaviour. The tool has also been updated to
work correctly in containers now.
* systemd-nspawn's --bind= and --bind-ro= options have been
extended to allow creation of non-recursive bind mounts.
* libsystemd gained two new calls sd_pid_get_cgroup() and
sd_peer_get_cgroup() which return the control group path of
a process or peer of a connected AF_UNIX socket. This
function call is particularly useful when implementing
delegated subtrees support in the control group hierarchy.
* The "sd-event" event loop API of libsystemd now supports
correct dequeuing of real-time signals, without losing
signal events.
* When systemd requests a polkit decision when managing units it
will now add additional fields to the request, including unit
name and desired operation. This enables more powerful polkit
policies, that make decisions depending on these parameters.
* nspawn learnt support for .nspawn settings files, that may
accompany the image files or directories of containers, and
may contain additional settings for the container. This is
an alternative to configuring container parameters via the
nspawn command line.
Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, David
Herrmann, Eugene Yakubovich, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Filipe
Brandenburger, Hans de Goede, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
Synacek, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mangix, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michal
Sekletar, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, reverendhomer, Robin
Hack, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Pasche, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein Husebø
— Berlin, 2015-09-08
CHANGES WITH 225:
* machinectl gained a new verb 'shell' which opens a fresh
shell on the target container or the host. It is similar to
the existing 'login' command of machinectl, but spawns the
shell directly without prompting for username or
password. The pseudo machine '.host' now refers to the local
host and is used by default. Hence, 'machinectl shell' can
be used as replacement for 'su -' which spawns a session as
a fresh systemd unit in a way that is fully isolated from
the originating session.
* systemd-networkd learned to cope with private-zone DHCP
options and allows other programs to query the values.
* SELinux access control when enabling/disabling units is no
longer enforced with this release. The previous implementation
was incorrect, and a new corrected implementation is not yet
available. As unit file operations are still protected via
polkit and D-Bus policy this is not a security problem. Yet,
distributions which care about optimal SELinux support should
probably not stabilize on this release.
* sd-bus gained support for matches of type "arg0has=", that
test for membership of strings in string arrays sent in bus
messages.
* systemd-resolved now dumps the contents of its DNS and LLMNR
caches to the logs on reception of the SIGUSR1 signal. This
is useful to debug DNS behaviour.
* The coredumpctl tool gained a new --directory= option to
operate on journal files in a specific directory.
* "systemctl reboot" and related commands gained a new
"--message=" option which may be used to set a free-text
wall message when shutting down or rebooting the
system. This message is also logged, which is useful for
figuring out the reason for a reboot or shutdown a
posteriori.
* The "systemd-resolve-host" tool's -i switch now takes
network interface numbers as alternative to interface names.
* A new unit file setting for services has been introduced:
UtmpMode= allows configuration of how precisely systemd
handles utmp and wtmp entries for the service if this is
enabled. This allows writing services that appear similar to
user sessions in the output of the "w", "who", "last" and
"lastlog" tools.
* systemd-resolved will now locally synthesize DNS resource
records for the "localhost" and "gateway" domains as well as
the local hostname. This should ensure that clients querying
RRs via resolved will get similar results as those going via
NSS, if nss-myhostname is enabled.
Contributions from: Alastair Hughes, Alex Crawford, Daniel
Mack, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Eric Kostrowski,
Evgeny Vereshchagin, Felipe Sateler, HATAYAMA Daisuke, Jan
Pokorný, Jan Synacek, Johnny Robeson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers,
Kefeng Wang, Lennart Poettering, Major Hayden, Marcel
Holtmann, Markus Elfring, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Matt
Turner, Maxim Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Namhyung Kim,
Nicolas Cornu, Owen W. Taylor, Patrik Flykt, Peter Hutterer,
reverendhomer, Richard Maw, Ronny Chevalier, Seth Jennings,
Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe
Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Meyer, Tom Gundersen, Vincent Batts,
WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-08-27
CHANGES WITH 224:
* The systemd-efi-boot-generator functionality was merged into
systemd-gpt-auto-generator.
* systemd-networkd now supports Group Policy for vxlan
devices. It can be enabled via the new boolean configuration
option called 'GroupPolicyExtension='.
Contributions from: Andreas Kempf, Christian Hesse, Daniel Mack, David
Herrmann, Herman Fries, Johannes Nixdorf, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Peter Hutterer, Susant Sahani, Tom Gundersen
— Berlin, 2015-07-31
CHANGES WITH 223:
* The python-systemd code has been removed from the systemd repository.
A new repository has been created which accommodates the code from
now on, and we kindly ask distributions to create a separate package
for this: https://github.com/systemd/python-systemd
* The systemd daemon will now reload its main configuration
(/etc/systemd/system.conf) on daemon-reload.
* sd-dhcp now exposes vendor specific extensions via
sd_dhcp_lease_get_vendor_specific().
* systemd-networkd gained a number of new configuration options.
- A new boolean configuration option for TAP devices called
'VNetHeader='. If set, the IFF_VNET_HDR flag is set for the
device, thus allowing to send and receive GSO packets.
- A new tunnel configuration option called 'CopyDSCP='.
If enabled, the DSCP field of ip6 tunnels is copied into the
decapsulated packet.
- A set of boolean bridge configuration options were added.
'UseBPDU=', 'HairPin=', 'FastLeave=', 'AllowPortToBeRoot=',
and 'UnicastFlood=' are now parsed by networkd and applied to the
respective bridge link device via the respective IFLA_BRPORT_*
netlink attribute.
- A new string configuration option to override the hostname sent
to a DHCP server, called 'Hostname='. If set and 'SendHostname='
is true, networkd will use the configured hostname instead of the
system hostname when sending DHCP requests.
- A new tunnel configuration option called 'IPv6FlowLabel='. If set,
networkd will configure the IPv6 flow-label of the tunnel device
according to RFC2460.
- The 'macvtap' virtual network devices are now supported, similar to
the already supported 'macvlan' devices.
* systemd-resolved now implements RFC5452 to improve resilience against
cache poisoning. Additionally, source port randomization is enabled
by default to further protect against DNS spoofing attacks.
* nss-mymachines now supports translating UIDs and GIDs of running
containers with user-namespaces enabled. If a container 'foo'
translates a host uid 'UID' to the container uid 'TUID', then
nss-mymachines will also map uid 'UID' to/from username 'vu-foo-TUID'
(with 'foo' and 'TUID' replaced accordingly). Similarly, groups are
mapped as 'vg-foo-TGID'.
Contributions from: Beniamino Galvani, cee1, Christian Hesse, Daniel
Buch, Daniel Mack, daurnimator, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov,
HATAYAMA Daisuke, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig),
Johan Ouwerkerk, Jose Carlos Venegas Munoz, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Lidong Zhong, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael
Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Namhyung Kim,
Nick Owens, Peter Hutterer, Richard Maw, Steven Allen, Sungbae Yoo,
Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom
Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vito Caputo,
Vivenzio Pagliari, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-07-29
CHANGES WITH 222:
* udev does not longer support the WAIT_FOR_SYSFS= key in udev rules.
There are no known issues with current sysfs, and udev does not need
or should be used to work around such bugs.
* udev does no longer enable USB HID power management. Several reports
indicate, that some devices cannot handle that setting.
* The udev accelerometer helper was removed. The functionality
is now fully included in iio-sensor-proxy. But this means,
older iio-sensor-proxy versions will no longer provide
accelerometer/orientation data with this systemd version.
Please upgrade iio-sensor-proxy to version 1.0.
* networkd gained a new configuration option IPv6PrivacyExtensions=
which enables IPv6 privacy extensions (RFC 4941, "Privacy Extensions
for Stateless Address") on selected networks.
* For the sake of fewer build-time dependencies and less code in the
main repository, the python bindings are about to be removed in the
next release. A new repository has been created which accommodates
the code from now on, and we kindly ask distributions to create a
separate package for this. The removal will take place in v223.
https://github.com/systemd/python-systemd
Contributions from: Abdo Roig-Maranges, Andrew Eikum, Bastien Nocera,
Cédric Delmas, Christian Hesse, Christos Trochalakis, Daniel Mack,
daurnimator, David Herrmann, Dimitri John Ledkov, Eric Biggers, Eric
Cook, Felipe Sateler, Geert Jansen, Gerd Hoffmann, Gianpaolo Macario,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Iago López Galeiras, Jan Alexander Steffens
(heftig), Jan Engelhardt, Jay Strict, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Markus Knetschke, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michal
Sekletar, Miguel Bernal Marin, Peter Hutterer, Richard Maw, rinrinne,
Susant Sahani, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
Husebø, Vedran Miletić, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-07-07
CHANGES WITH 221:
* The sd-bus.h and sd-event.h APIs have now been declared
stable and have been added to the official interface of
libsystemd.so. sd-bus implements an alternative D-Bus client
library, that is relatively easy to use, very efficient and
supports both classic D-Bus as well as kdbus as transport
backend. sd-event is a generic event loop abstraction that
is built around Linux epoll, but adds features such as event
prioritization or efficient timer handling. Both APIs are good
choices for C programs looking for a bus and/or event loop
implementation that is minimal and does not have to be
portable to other kernels.
* kdbus support is no longer compile-time optional. It is now
always built-in. However, it can still be disabled at
runtime using the kdbus=0 kernel command line setting, and
that setting may be changed to default to off, by specifying
--disable-kdbus at build-time. Note though that the kernel
command line setting has no effect if the kdbus.ko kernel
module is not installed, in which case kdbus is (obviously)
also disabled. We encourage all downstream distributions to
begin testing kdbus by adding it to the kernel images in the
development distributions, and leaving kdbus support in
systemd enabled.
* The minimal required util-linux version has been bumped to
2.26.
* Support for chkconfig (--enable-chkconfig) was removed in
favor of calling an abstraction tool
/lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install. This needs to be
implemented for your distribution. See "SYSV INIT.D SCRIPTS"
in README for details.
* If there's a systemd unit and a SysV init script for the
same service name, and the user executes "systemctl enable"
for it (or a related call), then this will now enable both
(or execute the related operation on both), not just the
unit.
* The libudev API documentation has been converted from gtkdoc
into man pages.
* gudev has been removed from the systemd tree, it is now an
external project.
* The systemd-cgtop tool learnt a new --raw switch to generate
"raw" (machine parsable) output.
* networkd's IPForwarding= .network file setting learnt the
new setting "kernel", which ensures that networkd does not
change the IP forwarding sysctl from the default kernel
state.
* The systemd-logind bus API now exposes a new boolean
property "Docked" that reports whether logind considers the
system "docked", i.e. connected to a docking station or not.
Contributions from: Alex Crawford, Andreas Pokorny, Andrei
Borzenkov, Charles Duffy, Colin Guthrie, Cristian Rodríguez,
Daniele Medri, Daniel Hahler, Daniel Mack, David Herrmann,
David Mohr, Dimitri John Ledkov, Djalal Harouni, dslul, Ed
Swierk, Eric Cook, Filipe Brandenburger, Gianpaolo Macario,
Harald Hoyer, Iago López Galeiras, Igor Vuk, Jan Synacek,
Jason Pleau, Jason S. McMullan, Jean Delvare, Jeff Huang,
Jonathan Boulle, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, kloun, Lennart
Poettering, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Mario
Limonciello, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich,
Michal Schmidt, Mike Gilbert, Nick Owens, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes,
Patrick Donnelly, Pavel Odvody, Peter Hutterer, Philip
Withnall, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Susant Sahani,
Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Viktar Vauchkevich, Werner
Fink, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-06-19
CHANGES WITH 220:
* The gudev library has been extracted into a separate repository
available at: https://git.gnome.org/browse/libgudev/
It is now managed as part of the Gnome project. Distributions
are recommended to pass --disable-gudev to systemd and use
gudev from the Gnome project instead. gudev is still included
in systemd, for now. It will be removed soon, though. Please
also see the announcement-thread on systemd-devel:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2015-May/032070.html
* systemd now exposes a CPUUsageNSec= property for each
service unit on the bus, that contains the overall consumed
CPU time of a service (the sum of what each process of the
service consumed). This value is only available if
CPUAccounting= is turned on for a service, and is then shown
in the "systemctl status" output.
* Support for configuring alternative mappings of the old SysV
runlevels to systemd targets has been removed. They are now
hardcoded in a way that runlevels 2, 3, 4 all map to
multi-user.target and 5 to graphical.target (which
previously was already the default behaviour).
* The auto-mounter logic gained support for mount point
expiry, using a new TimeoutIdleSec= setting in .automount
units. (Also available as x-systemd.idle-timeout= in /etc/fstab).
* The EFI System Partition (ESP) as mounted to /boot by
systemd-efi-boot-generator will now be unmounted
automatically after 2 minutes of not being used. This should
minimize the risk of ESP corruptions.
* New /etc/fstab options x-systemd.requires= and
x-systemd.requires-mounts-for= are now supported to express
additional dependencies for mounts. This is useful for
journalling file systems that support external journal
devices or overlay file systems that require underlying file
systems to be mounted.
* systemd does not support direct live-upgrades (via systemctl
daemon-reexec) from versions older than v44 anymore. As no
distribution we are aware of shipped such old versions in a
stable release this should not be problematic.
* When systemd forks off a new per-connection service instance
it will now set the $REMOTE_ADDR environment variable to the
remote IP address, and $REMOTE_PORT environment variable to
the remote IP port. This behaviour is similar to the
corresponding environment variables defined by CGI.
* systemd-networkd gained support for uplink failure
detection. The BindCarrier= option allows binding interface
configuration dynamically to the link sense of other
interfaces. This is useful to achieve behaviour like in
network switches.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring the DHCP
client identifier to use when requesting leases.
* systemd-networkd now has a per-network UseNTP= option to
configure whether NTP server information acquired via DHCP
is passed on to services like systemd-timesyncd.
* systemd-networkd gained support for vti6 tunnels.
* Note that systemd-networkd manages the sysctl variable
/proc/sys/net/ipv[46]/conf/*/forwarding for each interface
it is configured for since v219. The variable controls IP
forwarding, and is a per-interface alternative to the global
/proc/sys/net/ipv[46]/ip_forward. This setting is
configurable in the IPForward= option, which defaults to
"no". This means if networkd is used for an interface it is
no longer sufficient to set the global sysctl option to turn
on IP forwarding! Instead, the .network file option
IPForward= needs to be turned on! Note that the
implementation of this behaviour was broken in v219 and has
been fixed in v220.
* Many bonding and vxlan options are now configurable in
systemd-networkd.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --property= setting to set unit
properties for the container scope. This is useful for
setting resource parameters (e.g. "CPUShares=500") on
containers started from the command line.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --private-users= switch to make
use of user namespacing available on recent Linux kernels.
* systemd-nspawn may now be called as part of a shell pipeline
in which case the pipes used for stdin and stdout are passed
directly to the process invoked in the container, without
indirection via a pseudo tty.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new switch to control the UNIX
signal to use when killing the init process of the container
when shutting down.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --overlay= switch for mounting
overlay file systems into the container using the new kernel
overlayfs support.
* When a container image is imported via systemd-importd and
the host file system is not btrfs, a loopback block device
file is created in /var/lib/machines.raw with a btrfs file
system inside. It is then mounted to /var/lib/machines to
enable btrfs features for container management. The loopback
file and btrfs file system is grown as needed when container
images are imported via systemd-importd.
* systemd-machined/systemd-importd gained support for btrfs
quota, to enforce container disk space limits on disk. This
is exposed in "machinectl set-limit".
* systemd-importd now can import containers from local .tar,
.raw and .qcow2 images, and export them to .tar and .raw. It
can also import dkr v2 images now from the network (on top
of v1 as before).
* systemd-importd gained support for verifying downloaded
images with gpg2 (previously only gpg1 was supported).
* systemd-machined, systemd-logind, systemd: most bus calls are
now accessible to unprivileged processes via polkit. Also,
systemd-logind will now allow users to kill their own sessions
without further privileges or authorization.
* systemd-shutdownd has been removed. This service was
previously responsible for implementing scheduled shutdowns
as exposed in /usr/bin/shutdown's time parameter. This
functionality has now been moved into systemd-logind and is
accessible via a bus interface.
* "systemctl reboot" gained a new switch --firmware-setup that
can be used to reboot into the EFI firmware setup, if that
is available. systemd-logind now exposes an API on the bus
to trigger such reboots, in case graphical desktop UIs want
to cover this functionality.
* "systemctl enable", "systemctl disable" and "systemctl mask"
now support a new "--now" switch. If specified the units
that are enabled will also be started, and the ones
disabled/masked also stopped.
* The Gummiboot EFI boot loader tool has been merged into
systemd, and renamed to "systemd-boot". The bootctl tool has been
updated to support systemd-boot.
* An EFI kernel stub has been added that may be used to create
kernel EFI binaries that contain not only the actual kernel,
but also an initrd, boot splash, command line and OS release
information. This combined binary can then be signed as a
single image, so that the firmware can verify it all in one
step. systemd-boot has special support for EFI binaries created
like this and can extract OS release information from them
and show them in the boot menu. This functionality is useful
to implement cryptographically verified boot schemes.
* Optional support has been added to systemd-fsck to pass
fsck's progress report to an AF_UNIX socket in the file
system.
* udev will no longer create device symlinks for all block
devices by default. A blacklist for excluding special block
devices from this logic has been turned into a whitelist
that requires picking block devices explicitly that require
device symlinks.
* A new (currently still internal) API sd-device.h has been
added to libsystemd. This modernized API is supposed to
replace libudev eventually. In fact, already much of libudev
is now just a wrapper around sd-device.h.
* A new hwdb database for storing metadata about pointing
stick devices has been added.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained support for setting file attributes
similar to the "chattr" tool with new 'h' and 'H' lines.
* systemd-journald will no longer unconditionally set the
btrfs NOCOW flag on new journal files. This is instead done
with tmpfiles snippet using the new 'h' line type. This
allows easy disabling of this logic, by masking the
journal-nocow.conf tmpfiles file.
* systemd-journald will now translate audit message types to
human readable identifiers when writing them to the
journal. This should improve readability of audit messages.
* The LUKS logic gained support for the offset= and skip=
options in /etc/crypttab, as previously implemented by
Debian.
* /usr/lib/os-release gained a new optional field VARIANT= for
distributions that support multiple variants (such as a
desktop edition, a server edition, ...)
Contributions from: Aaro Koskinen, Adam Goode, Alban Crequy,
Alberto Fanjul Alonso, Alexander Sverdlin, Alex Puchades, Alin
Rauta, Alison Chaiken, Andrew Jones, Arend van Spriel,
Benedikt Morbach, Benjamin Franzke, Benjamin Tissoires, Blaž
Tomažič, Chris Morgan, Chris Morin, Colin Walters, Cristian
Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniel Drake, Daniele Medri, Daniel
Mack, Daniel Mustieles, daurnimator, Davide Bettio, David
Herrmann, David Strauss, Didier Roche, Dimitri John Ledkov,
Eric Cook, Gavin Li, Goffredo Baroncelli, Hannes Reinecke,
Hans de Goede, Hans-Peter Deifel, Harald Hoyer, Iago López
Galeiras, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jan
Pazdziora, Jan Synacek, Jasper St. Pierre, Jay Faulkner, John
Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jonathon Gilbert, Karel Zak, Kay
Sievers, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lucas
De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Lukas Rusak, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz
Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Chevrier, Matthew Garrett,
Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal
Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Mirco Tischler, Nir Soffer, Patrik
Flykt, Pavel Odvody, Peter Hutterer, Peter Lemenkov, Peter
Waller, Piotr Drąg, Raul Gutierrez S, Richard Maw, Ronny
Chevalier, Ross Burton, Sebastian Rasmussen, Sergey Ptashnick,
Seth Jennings, Shawn Landden, Simon Farnsworth, Stefan Junker,
Stephen Gallagher, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas
Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tobias Hunger, Tom
Gundersen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Will
Woods, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-05-22
CHANGES WITH 219:
* Introduce a new API "sd-hwdb.h" for querying the hardware
metadata database. With this minimal interface one can query
and enumerate the udev hwdb, decoupled from the old libudev
library. libudev's interface for this is now only a wrapper
around sd-hwdb. A new tool systemd-hwdb has been added to
interface with and update the database.
* When any of systemd's tools copies files (for example due to
tmpfiles' C lines) a btrfs reflink will attempted first,
before bytewise copying is done.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --ephemeral switch. When
specified a btrfs snapshot is taken of the container's root
directory, and immediately removed when the container
terminates again. Thus, a container can be started whose
changes never alter the container's root directory, and are
lost on container termination. This switch can also be used
for starting a container off the root file system of the
host without affecting the host OS. This switch is only
available on btrfs file systems.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --template= switch. It takes the
path to a container tree to use as template for the tree
specified via --directory=, should that directory be
missing. This allows instantiating containers dynamically,
on first run. This switch is only available on btrfs file
systems.
* When a .mount unit refers to a mount point on which multiple
mounts are stacked, and the .mount unit is stopped all of
the stacked mount points will now be unmounted until no
mount point remains.
* systemd now has an explicit notion of supported and
unsupported unit types. Jobs enqueued for unsupported unit
types will now fail with an "unsupported" error code. More
specifically .swap, .automount and .device units are not
supported in containers, .busname units are not supported on
non-kdbus systems. .swap and .automount are also not
supported if their respective kernel compile time options
are disabled.
* machinectl gained support for two new "copy-from" and
"copy-to" commands for copying files from a running
container to the host or vice versa.
* machinectl gained support for a new "bind" command to bind
mount host directories into local containers. This is
currently only supported for nspawn containers.
* networkd gained support for configuring bridge forwarding
database entries (fdb) from .network files.
* A new tiny daemon "systemd-importd" has been added that can
download container images in tar, raw, qcow2 or dkr formats,
and make them available locally in /var/lib/machines, so
that they can run as nspawn containers. The daemon can GPG
verify the downloads (not supported for dkr, since it has no
provisions for verifying downloads). It will transparently
decompress bz2, xz, gzip compressed downloads if necessary,
and restore sparse files on disk. The daemon uses privilege
separation to ensure the actual download logic runs with
fewer privileges than the daemon itself. machinectl has
gained new commands "pull-tar", "pull-raw" and "pull-dkr" to
make the functionality of importd available to the
user. With this in place the Fedora and Ubuntu "Cloud"
images can be downloaded and booted as containers unmodified
(the Fedora images lack the appropriate GPG signature files
currently, so they cannot be verified, but this will change
soon, hopefully). Note that downloading images is currently
only fully supported on btrfs.
* machinectl is now able to list container images found in
/var/lib/machines, along with some metadata about sizes of
disk and similar. If the directory is located on btrfs and
quota is enabled, this includes quota display. A new command
"image-status" has been added that shows additional
information about images.
* machinectl is now able to clone container images
efficiently, if the underlying file system (btrfs) supports
it, with the new "machinectl clone" command. It also
gained commands for renaming and removing images, as well as
marking them read-only or read-write (supported also on
legacy file systems).
* networkd gained support for collecting LLDP network
announcements, from hardware that supports this. This is
shown in networkctl output.
* systemd-run gained support for a new -t (--pty) switch for
invoking a binary on a pty whose input and output is
connected to the invoking terminal. This allows executing
processes as system services while interactively
communicating with them via the terminal. Most interestingly
this is supported across container boundaries. Invoking
"systemd-run -t /bin/bash" is an alternative to running a
full login session, the difference being that the former
will not register a session, nor go through the PAM session
setup.
* tmpfiles gained support for a new "v" line type for creating
btrfs subvolumes. If the underlying file system is a legacy
file system, this automatically degrades to creating a
normal directory. Among others /var/lib/machines is now
created like this at boot, should it be missing.
* The directory /var/lib/containers/ has been deprecated and
been replaced by /var/lib/machines. The term "machines" has
been used in the systemd context as generic term for both
VMs and containers, and hence appears more appropriate for
this, as the directory can also contain raw images bootable
via qemu/kvm.
* systemd-nspawn when invoked with -M but without --directory=
or --image= is now capable of searching for the container
root directory, subvolume or disk image automatically, in
/var/lib/machines. systemd-nspawn@.service has been updated
to make use of this, thus allowing it to be used for raw
disk images, too.
* A new machines.target unit has been introduced that is
supposed to group all containers/VMs invoked as services on
the system. systemd-nspawn@.service has been updated to
integrate with that.
* machinectl gained a new "start" command, for invoking a
container as a service. "machinectl start foo" is mostly
equivalent to "systemctl start systemd-nspawn@foo.service",
but handles escaping in a nicer way.
* systemd-nspawn will now mount most of the cgroupfs tree
read-only into each container, with the exception of the
container's own subtree in the name=systemd hierarchy.
* journald now sets the special FS_NOCOW file flag for its
journal files. This should improve performance on btrfs, by
avoiding heavy fragmentation when journald's write-pattern
is used on COW file systems. It degrades btrfs' data
integrity guarantees for the files to the same levels as for
ext3/ext4 however. This should be OK though as journald does
its own data integrity checks and all its objects are
checksummed on disk. Also, journald should handle btrfs disk
full events a lot more gracefully now, by processing SIGBUS
errors, and not relying on fallocate() anymore.
* When journald detects that journal files it is writing to
have been deleted it will immediately start new journal
files.
* systemd now provides a way to store file descriptors
per-service in PID 1. This is useful for daemons to ensure
that fds they require are not lost during a daemon
restart. The fds are passed to the daemon on the next
invocation in the same way socket activation fds are
passed. This is now used by journald to ensure that the
various sockets connected to all the system's stdout/stderr
are not lost when journald is restarted. File descriptors
may be stored in PID 1 via the sd_pid_notify_with_fds() API,
an extension to sd_notify(). Note that a limit is enforced
on the number of fds a service can store in PID 1, and it
defaults to 0, so that no fds may be stored, unless this is
explicitly turned on.
* The default TERM variable to use for units connected to a
terminal, when no other value is explicitly is set is now
vt220 rather than vt102. This should be fairly safe still,
but allows PgUp/PgDn work.
* The /etc/crypttab option header= as known from Debian is now
supported.
* "loginctl user-status" and "loginctl session-status" will
now show the last 10 lines of log messages of the
user/session following the status output. Similar,
"machinectl status" will show the last 10 log lines
associated with a virtual machine or container
service. (Note that this is usually not the log messages
done in the VM/container itself, but simply what the
container manager logs. For nspawn this includes all console
output however.)
* "loginctl session-status" without further argument will now
show the status of the session of the caller. Similar,
"lock-session", "unlock-session", "activate",
"enable-linger", "disable-linger" may now be called without
session/user parameter in which case they apply to the
caller's session/user.
* An X11 session scriptlet is now shipped that uploads
$DISPLAY and $XAUTHORITY into the environment of the systemd
--user daemon if a session begins. This should improve
compatibility with X11 enabled applications run as systemd
user services.
* Generators are now subject to masking via /etc and /run, the
same way as unit files.
* networkd .network files gained support for configuring
per-link IPv4/IPv6 packet forwarding as well as IPv4
masquerading. This is by default turned on for veth links to
containers, as registered by systemd-nspawn. This means that
nspawn containers run with --network-veth will now get
automatic routed access to the host's networks without any
further configuration or setup, as long as networkd runs on
the host.
* systemd-nspawn gained the --port= (-p) switch to expose TCP
or UDP posts of a container on the host. With this in place
it is possible to run containers with private veth links
(--network-veth), and have their functionality exposed on
the host as if their services were running directly on the
host.
* systemd-nspawn's --network-veth switch now gained a short
version "-n", since with the changes above it is now truly
useful out-of-the-box. The systemd-nspawn@.service has been
updated to make use of it too by default.
* systemd-nspawn will now maintain a per-image R/W lock, to
ensure that the same image is not started more than once
writable. (It's OK to run an image multiple times
simultaneously in read-only mode.)
* systemd-nspawn's --image= option is now capable of
dissecting and booting MBR and GPT disk images that contain
only a single active Linux partition. Previously it
supported only GPT disk images with proper GPT type
IDs. This allows running cloud images from major
distributions directly with systemd-nspawn, without
modification.
* In addition to collecting mouse dpi data in the udev
hardware database, there's now support for collecting angle
information for mouse scroll wheels. The database is
supposed to guarantee similar scrolling behavior on mice
that it knows about. There's also support for collecting
information about Touchpad types.
* udev's input_id built-in will now also collect touch screen
dimension data and attach it to probed devices.
* /etc/os-release gained support for a Distribution Privacy
Policy link field.
* networkd gained support for creating "ipvlan", "gretap",
"ip6gre", "ip6gretap" and "ip6tnl" network devices.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained support for "a" lines for setting
ACLs on files.
* systemd-nspawn will now mount /tmp in the container to
tmpfs, automatically.
* systemd now exposes the memory.usage_in_bytes cgroup
attribute and shows it for each service in the "systemctl
status" output, if available.
* When the user presses Ctrl-Alt-Del more than 7x within 2s an
immediate reboot is triggered. This useful if shutdown is
hung and is unable to complete, to expedite the
operation. Note that this kind of reboot will still unmount
all file systems, and hence should not result in fsck being
run on next reboot.
* A .device unit for an optical block device will now be
considered active only when a medium is in the drive. Also,
mount units are now bound to their backing devices thus
triggering automatic unmounting when devices become
unavailable. With this in place systemd will now
automatically unmount left-over mounts when a CD-ROM is
ejected or an USB stick is yanked from the system.
* networkd-wait-online now has support for waiting for
specific interfaces only (with globbing), and for giving up
after a configurable timeout.
* networkd now exits when idle. It will be automatically
restarted as soon as interfaces show up, are removed or
change state. networkd will stay around as long as there is
at least one DHCP state machine or similar around, that keep
it non-idle.
* networkd may now configure IPv6 link-local addressing in
addition to IPv4 link-local addressing.
* The IPv6 "token" for use in SLAAC may now be configured for
each .network interface in networkd.
* Routes configured with networkd may now be assigned a scope
in .network files.
* networkd's [Match] sections now support globbing and lists
of multiple space-separated matches per item.
Contributions from: Alban Crequy, Alin Rauta, Andrey Chaser,
Bastien Nocera, Bruno Bottazzini, Carlos Garnacho, Carlos
Morata Castillo, Chris Atkinson, Chris J. Arges, Christian
Kirbach, Christian Seiler, Christoph Brill, Colin Guthrie,
Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack,
Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni, Erik Auerswald,
Filipe Brandenburger, Frank Theile, Gabor Kelemen, Gabriel de
Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Hui Wang, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan
Engelhardt, Jan Synacek, Jay Faulkner, Johannes Hölzl, Jonas
Ådahl, Jonathan Boulle, Josef Andersson, Kay Sievers, Ken
Werner, Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Märdian,
Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Manuel Mendez, Marcel Holtmann, Marc Schmitzer, Marko
Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Maxim Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl,
Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Mindaugas
Baranauskas, Moez Bouhlel, Naveen Kumar, Patrik Flykt, Paul
Martin, Peter Hutterer, Peter Mattern, Philippe De Swert,
Piotr Drąg, Rafael Ferreira, Rami Rosen, Robert Milasan, Ronny
Chevalier, Sangjung Woo, Sebastien Bacher, Sergey Ptashnick,
Shawn Landden, Stéphane Graber, Susant Sahani, Sylvain
Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tim JP, Tom
Gundersen, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar
Lindskog, Veres Lajos, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, Wieland
Hoffmann, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2015-02-16
CHANGES WITH 218:
* When querying unit file enablement status (for example via
"systemctl is-enabled"), a new state "indirect" is now known
which indicates that a unit might not be enabled itself, but
another unit listed in its Also= setting might be.
* Similar to the various existing ConditionXYZ= settings for
units, there are now matching AssertXYZ= settings. While
failing conditions cause a unit to be skipped, but its job
to succeed, failing assertions declared like this will cause
a unit start operation and its job to fail.
* hostnamed now knows a new chassis type "embedded".
* systemctl gained a new "edit" command. When used on a unit
file, this allows extending unit files with .d/ drop-in
configuration snippets or editing the full file (after
copying it from /usr/lib to /etc). This will invoke the
user's editor (as configured with $EDITOR), and reload the
modified configuration after editing.
* "systemctl status" now shows the suggested enablement state
for a unit, as declared in the (usually vendor-supplied)
system preset files.
* nss-myhostname will now resolve the single-label host name
"gateway" to the locally configured default IP routing
gateways, ordered by their metrics. This assigns a stable
name to the used gateways, regardless which ones are
currently configured. Note that the name will only be
resolved after all other name sources (if nss-myhostname is
configured properly) and should hence not negatively impact
systems that use the single-label host name "gateway" in
other contexts.
* systemd-inhibit now allows filtering by mode when listing
inhibitors.
* Scope and service units gained a new "Delegate" boolean
property, which, when set, allows processes running inside the
unit to further partition resources. This is primarily
useful for systemd user instances as well as container
managers.
* journald will now pick up audit messages directly from
the kernel, and log them like any other log message. The
audit fields are split up and fully indexed. This means that
journalctl in many ways is now a (nicer!) alternative to
ausearch, the traditional audit client. Note that this
implements only a minimal audit client. If you want the
special audit modes like reboot-on-log-overflow, please use
the traditional auditd instead, which can be used in
parallel to journald.
* The ConditionSecurity= unit file option now understands the
special string "audit" to check whether auditing is
available.
* journalctl gained two new commands --vacuum-size= and
--vacuum-time= to delete old journal files until the
remaining ones take up no more than the specified size on disk,
or are not older than the specified time.
* A new, native PPPoE library has been added to sd-network,
systemd's library of light-weight networking protocols. This
library will be used in a future version of networkd to
enable PPPoE communication without an external pppd daemon.
* The busctl tool now understands a new "capture" verb that
works similar to "monitor", but writes a packet capture
trace to STDOUT that can be redirected to a file which is
compatible with libcap's capture file format. This can then
be loaded in Wireshark and similar tools to inspect bus
communication.
* The busctl tool now understands a new "tree" verb that shows
the object trees of a specific service on the bus, or of all
services.
* The busctl tool now understands a new "introspect" verb that
shows all interfaces and members of objects on the bus,
including their signature and values. This is particularly
useful to get more information about bus objects shown by
the new "busctl tree" command.
* The busctl tool now understands new verbs "call",
"set-property" and "get-property" for invoking bus method
calls, setting and getting bus object properties in a
friendly way.
* busctl gained a new --augment-creds= argument that controls
whether the tool shall augment credential information it
gets from the bus with data from /proc, in a possibly
race-ful way.
* nspawn's --link-journal= switch gained two new values
"try-guest" and "try-host" that work like "guest" and
"host", but do not fail if the host has no persistent
journalling enabled. -j is now equivalent to
--link-journal=try-guest.
* macvlan network devices created by nspawn will now have
stable MAC addresses.
* A new SmackProcessLabel= unit setting has been added, which
controls the SMACK security label processes forked off by
the respective unit shall use.
* If compiled with --enable-xkbcommon, systemd-localed will
verify x11 keymap settings by compiling the given keymap. It
will spew out warnings if the compilation fails. This
requires libxkbcommon to be installed.
* When a coredump is collected, a larger number of metadata
fields is now collected and included in the journal records
created for it. More specifically, control group membership,
environment variables, memory maps, working directory,
chroot directory, /proc/$PID/status, and a list of open file
descriptors is now stored in the log entry.
* The udev hwdb now contains DPI information for mice. For
details see:
http://who-t.blogspot.de/2014/12/building-a-dpi-database-for-mice.html
* All systemd programs that read standalone configuration
files in /etc now also support a corresponding series of
.conf.d configuration directories in /etc/, /run/,
/usr/local/lib/, /usr/lib/, and (if configured with
--enable-split-usr) /lib/. In particular, the following
configuration files now have corresponding configuration
directories: system.conf user.conf, logind.conf,
journald.conf, sleep.conf, bootchart.conf, coredump.conf,
resolved.conf, timesyncd.conf, journal-remote.conf, and
journal-upload.conf. Note that distributions should use the
configuration directories in /usr/lib/; the directories in
/etc/ are reserved for the system administrator.
* systemd-rfkill will no longer take the rfkill device name
into account when storing rfkill state on disk, as the name
might be dynamically assigned and not stable. Instead, the
ID_PATH udev variable combined with the rfkill type (wlan,
bluetooth, ...) is used.
* A new service systemd-machine-id-commit.service has been
added. When used on systems where /etc is read-only during
boot, and /etc/machine-id is not initialized (but an empty
file), this service will copy the temporary machine ID
created as replacement into /etc after the system is fully
booted up. This is useful for systems that are freshly
installed with a non-initialized machine ID, but should get
a fixed machine ID for subsequent boots.
* networkd's .netdev files now provide a large set of
configuration parameters for VXLAN devices. Similarly, the
bridge port cost parameter is now configurable in .network
files. There's also new support for configuring IP source
routing. networkd .link files gained support for a new
OriginalName= match that is useful to match against the
original interface name the kernel assigned. .network files
may include MTU= and MACAddress= fields for altering the MTU
and MAC address while being connected to a specific network
interface.
* The LUKS logic gained supported for configuring
UUID-specific key files. There's also new support for naming
LUKS device from the kernel command line, using the new
luks.name= argument.
* Timer units may now be transiently created via the bus API
(this was previously already available for scope and service
units). In addition it is now possible to create multiple
transient units at the same time with a single bus call. The
"systemd-run" tool has been updated to make use of this for
running commands on a specified time, in at(1)-style.
* tmpfiles gained support for "t" lines, for assigning
extended attributes to files. Among other uses this may be
used to assign SMACK labels to files.
Contributions from: Alin Rauta, Alison Chaiken, Andrej
Manduch, Bastien Nocera, Chris Atkinson, Chris Leech, Chris
Mayo, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Cristian Rodríguez,
Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dan Winship, Dave
Reisner, David Herrmann, Didier Roche, Felipe Sateler, Gavin
Li, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Iago López Galeiras, Ivan
Shapovalov, Jakub Filak, Jan Janssen, Jan Synacek, Joe
Lawrence, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Lukas Nykryn, Łukasz Stelmach, Maciej Wereski, Mantas
Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Maurizio Lombardi,
Michael Biebl, Michael Chapman, Michael Marineau, Michal
Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Olivier Brunel, Patrik Flykt, Peter
Hutterer, Przemyslaw Kedzierski, Rami Rosen, Ray Strode,
Richard Schütz, Richard W.M. Jones, Ronny Chevalier, Ross
Lagerwall, Sean Young, Stanisław Pitucha, Susant Sahani,
Thomas Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen,
Torstein Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Vicente Olivert
Riera, WaLyong Cho, Wesley Dawson, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-12-10
CHANGES WITH 217:
* journalctl gained the new options -t/--identifier= to match
on the syslog identifier (aka "tag"), as well as --utc to
show log timestamps in the UTC timezone. journalctl now also
accepts -n/--lines=all to disable line capping in a pager.
* journalctl gained a new switch, --flush, that synchronously
flushes logs from /run/log/journal to /var/log/journal if
persistent storage is enabled. systemd-journal-flush.service
now waits until the operation is complete.
* Services can notify the manager before they start a reload
(by sending RELOADING=1) or shutdown (by sending
STOPPING=1). This allows the manager to track and show the
internal state of daemons and closes a race condition when
the process is still running but has closed its D-Bus
connection.
* Services with Type=oneshot do not have to have any ExecStart
commands anymore.
* User units are now loaded also from
$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/. This is similar to the
/run/systemd/user directory that was already previously
supported, but is under the control of the user.
* Job timeouts (i.e. timeouts on the time a job that is
queued stays in the run queue) can now optionally result in
immediate reboot or power-off actions (JobTimeoutAction= and
JobTimeoutRebootArgument=). This is useful on ".target"
units, to limit the maximum time a target remains
undispatched in the run queue, and to trigger an emergency
operation in such a case. This is now used by default to
turn off the system if boot-up (as defined by everything in
basic.target) hangs and does not complete for at least
15min. Also, if power-off or reboot hang for at least 30min
an immediate power-off/reboot operation is triggered. This
functionality is particularly useful to increase reliability
on embedded devices, but also on laptops which might
accidentally get powered on when carried in a backpack and
whose boot stays stuck in a hard disk encryption passphrase
question.
* systemd-logind can be configured to also handle lid switch
events even when the machine is docked or multiple displays
are attached (HandleLidSwitchDocked= option).
* A helper binary and a service have been added which can be
used to resume from hibernation in the initramfs. A
generator will parse the resume= option on the kernel
command line to trigger resume.
* A user console daemon systemd-consoled has been
added. Currently, it is a preview, and will so far open a
single terminal on each session of the user marked as
Desktop=systemd-console.
* Route metrics can be specified for DHCP routes added by
systemd-networkd.
* The SELinux context of socket-activated services can be set
from the information provided by the networking stack
(SELinuxContextFromNet= option).
* Userspace firmware loading support has been removed and
the minimum supported kernel version is thus bumped to 3.7.
* Timeout for udev workers has been increased from 1 to 3
minutes, but a warning will be printed after 1 minute to
help diagnose kernel modules that take a long time to load.
* Udev rules can now remove tags on devices with TAG-="foobar".
* systemd's readahead implementation has been removed. In many
circumstances it didn't give expected benefits even for
rotational disk drives and was becoming less relevant in the
age of SSDs. As none of the developers has been using
rotating media anymore, and nobody stepped up to actively
maintain this component of systemd it has now been removed.
* Swap units can use Options= to specify discard options.
Discard options specified for swaps in /etc/fstab are now
respected.
* Docker containers are now detected as a separate type of
virtualization.
* The Password Agent protocol gained support for queries where
the user input is shown, useful e.g. for user names.
systemd-ask-password gained a new --echo option to turn that
on.
* The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set:
net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel
This selects Fair Queuing Controlled Delay as the default
queuing discipline for network interfaces. fq_codel helps
fight the network bufferbloat problem. It is believed to be
a good default with no tuning required for most workloads.
Downstream distributions may override this choice. On 10Gbit
servers that do not do forwarding, "fq" may perform better.
Systems without a good clocksource should use "pfifo_fast".
* If kdbus is enabled during build a new option BusPolicy= is
available for service units, that allows locking all service
processes into a stricter bus policy, in order to limit
access to various bus services, or even hide most of them
from the service's view entirely.
* networkctl will now show the .network and .link file
networkd has applied to a specific interface.
* sd-login gained a new API call sd_session_get_desktop() to
query which desktop environment has been selected for a
session.
* UNIX utmp support is now compile-time optional to support
legacy-free systems.
* systemctl gained two new commands "add-wants" and
"add-requires" for pulling in units from specific targets
easily.
* If the word "rescue" is specified on the kernel command line
the system will now boot into rescue mode (aka
rescue.target), which was previously available only by
specifying "1" or "systemd.unit=rescue.target" on the kernel
command line. This new kernel command line option nicely
mirrors the already existing "emergency" kernel command line
option.
* New kernel command line options mount.usr=, mount.usrflags=,
mount.usrfstype= have been added that match root=, rootflags=,
rootfstype= but allow mounting a specific file system to
/usr.
* The $NOTIFY_SOCKET is now also passed to control processes of
services, not only the main process.
* This version reenables support for fsck's -l switch. This
means at least version v2.25 of util-linux is required for
operation, otherwise dead-locks on device nodes may
occur. Again: you need to update util-linux to at least
v2.25 when updating systemd to v217.
* The "multi-seat-x" tool has been removed from systemd, as
its functionality has been integrated into X servers 1.16,
and the tool is hence redundant. It is recommended to update
display managers invoking this tool to simply invoke X
directly from now on, again.
* Support for the new ALLOW_INTERACTIVE_AUTHORIZATION D-Bus
message flag has been added for all of systemd's polkit
authenticated method calls has been added. In particular this
now allows optional interactive authorization via polkit for
many of PID1's privileged operations such as unit file
enabling and disabling.
* "udevadm hwdb --update" learnt a new switch "--usr" for
placing the rebuilt hardware database in /usr instead of
/etc. When used only hardware database entries stored in
/usr will be used, and any user database entries in /etc are
ignored. This functionality is useful for vendors to ship a
pre-built database on systems where local configuration is
unnecessary or unlikely.
* Calendar time specifications in .timer units now also
understand the strings "semi-annually", "quarterly" and
"minutely" as shortcuts (in addition to the preexisting
"anually", "hourly", ...).
* systemd-tmpfiles will now correctly create files in /dev
at boot which are marked for creation only at boot. It is
recommended to always create static device nodes with 'c!'
and 'b!', so that they are created only at boot and not
overwritten at runtime.
* When the watchdog logic is used for a service (WatchdogSec=)
and the watchdog timeout is hit the service will now be
terminated with SIGABRT (instead of just SIGTERM), in order
to make sure a proper coredump and backtrace is
generated. This ensures that hanging services will result in
similar coredump/backtrace behaviour as services that hit a
segmentation fault.
Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Andrei Borzenkov,
Angus Gibson, Ansgar Burchardt, Ben Wolsieffer, Brandon L.
Black, Christian Hesse, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch,
Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David
Herrmann, David Sommerseth, David Strauss, Emil Renner
Berthing, Eric Cook, Evangelos Foutras, Filipe Brandenburger,
Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri, Hans de Goede, Harald Hoyer, Hristo
Venev, Hugo Grostabussiat, Ivan Shapovalov, Jan Janssen, Jan
Synacek, Jonathan Liu, Juho Son, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Klaus
Purer, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz
Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
Marius Tessmann, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl,
Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michael Scherer, Michal
Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miroslav Lichvar, Patrik Flykt,
Philippe De Swert, Piotr Drąg, Rahul Sundaram, Richard
Weinberger, Robert Milasan, Ronny Chevalier, Ruben Kerkhof,
Santiago Vila, Sergey Ptashnick, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd
Simons, Stefan Brüns, Steven Allen, Steven Noonan, Susant
Sahani, Sylvain Plantefève, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
Timofey Titovets, Tobias Hunger, Tom Gundersen, Torstein
Husebø, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-10-28
CHANGES WITH 216:
* timedated no longer reads NTP implementation unit names from
/usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list. Alternative NTP
implementations should add a
Conflicts=systemd-timesyncd.service
to their unit files to take over and replace systemd's NTP
default functionality.
* systemd-sysusers gained a new line type "r" for configuring
which UID/GID ranges to allocate system users/groups
from. Lines of type "u" may now add an additional column
that specifies the home directory for the system user to be
created. Also, systemd-sysusers may now optionally read user
information from STDIN instead of a file. This is useful for
invoking it from RPM preinst scriptlets that need to create
users before the first RPM file is installed since these
files might need to be owned by them. A new
%sysusers_create_inline RPM macro has been introduced to do
just that. systemd-sysusers now updates the shadow files as
well as the user/group databases, which should enhance
compatibility with certain tools like grpck.
* A number of bus APIs of PID 1 now optionally consult polkit to
permit access for otherwise unprivileged clients under certain
conditions. Note that this currently doesn't support
interactive authentication yet, but this is expected to be
added eventually, too.
* /etc/machine-info now has new fields for configuring the
deployment environment of the machine, as well as the
location of the machine. hostnamectl has been updated with
new command to update these fields.
* systemd-timesyncd has been updated to automatically acquire
NTP server information from systemd-networkd, which might
have been discovered via DHCP.
* systemd-resolved now includes a caching DNS stub resolver
and a complete LLMNR name resolution implementation. A new
NSS module "nss-resolve" has been added which can be used
instead of glibc's own "nss-dns" to resolve hostnames via
systemd-resolved. Hostnames, addresses and arbitrary RRs may
be resolved via systemd-resolved D-Bus APIs. In contrast to
the glibc internal resolver systemd-resolved is aware of
multi-homed system, and keeps DNS server and caches separate
and per-interface. Queries are sent simultaneously on all
interfaces that have DNS servers configured, in order to
properly handle VPNs and local LANs which might resolve
separate sets of domain names. systemd-resolved may acquire
DNS server information from systemd-networkd automatically,
which in turn might have discovered them via DHCP. A tool
"systemd-resolve-host" has been added that may be used to
query the DNS logic in resolved. systemd-resolved implements
IDNA and automatically uses IDNA or UTF-8 encoding depending
on whether classic DNS or LLMNR is used as transport. In the
next releases we intend to add a DNSSEC and mDNS/DNS-SD
implementation to systemd-resolved.
* A new NSS module nss-mymachines has been added, that
automatically resolves the names of all local registered
containers to their respective IP addresses.
* A new client tool "networkctl" for systemd-networkd has been
added. It currently is entirely passive and will query
networking configuration from udev, rtnetlink and networkd,
and present it to the user in a very friendly
way. Eventually, we hope to extend it to become a full
control utility for networkd.
* .socket units gained a new DeferAcceptSec= setting that
controls the kernels' TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT sockopt for
TCP. Similarly, support for controlling TCP keep-alive
settings has been added (KeepAliveTimeSec=,
KeepAliveIntervalSec=, KeepAliveProbes=). Also, support for
turning off Nagle's algorithm on TCP has been added
(NoDelay=).
* logind learned a new session type "web", for use in projects
like Cockpit which register web clients as PAM sessions.
* timer units with at least one OnCalendar= setting will now
be started only after time-sync.target has been
reached. This way they will not elapse before the system
clock has been corrected by a local NTP client or
similar. This is particular useful on RTC-less embedded
machines, that come up with an invalid system clock.
* systemd-nspawn's --network-veth= switch should now result in
stable MAC addresses for both the outer and the inner side
of the link.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --volatile= switch for running
container instances with /etc or /var unpopulated.
* The kdbus client code has been updated to use the new Linux
3.17 memfd subsystem instead of the old kdbus-specific one.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP client and server now support
FORCERENEW. There are also new configuration options to
configure the vendor client identifier and broadcast mode
for DHCP.
* systemd will no longer inform the kernel about the current
timezone, as this is necessarily incorrect and racy as the
kernel has no understanding of DST and similar
concepts. This hence means FAT timestamps will be always
considered UTC, similar to what Android is already
doing. Also, when the RTC is configured to the local time
(rather than UTC) systemd will never synchronize back to it,
as this might confuse Windows at a later boot.
* systemd-analyze gained a new command "verify" for offline
validation of unit files.
* systemd-networkd gained support for a couple of additional
settings for bonding networking setups. Also, the metric for
statically configured routes may now be configured. For
network interfaces where this is appropriate the peer IP
address may now be configured.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP client will no longer request
broadcasting by default, as this tripped up some networks.
For hardware where broadcast is required the feature should
be switched back on using RequestBroadcast=yes.
* systemd-networkd will now set up IPv4LL addresses (when
enabled) even if DHCP is configured successfully.
* udev will now default to respect network device names given
by the kernel when the kernel indicates that these are
predictable. This behavior can be tweaked by changing
NamePolicy= in the relevant .link file.
* A new library systemd-terminal has been added that
implements full TTY stream parsing and rendering. This
library is supposed to be used later on for implementing a
full userspace VT subsystem, replacing the current kernel
implementation.
* A new tool systemd-journal-upload has been added to push
journal data to a remote system running
systemd-journal-remote.
* journald will no longer forward all local data to another
running syslog daemon. This change has been made because
rsyslog (which appears to be the most commonly used syslog
implementation these days) no longer makes use of this, and
instead pulls the data out of the journal on its own. Since
forwarding the messages to a non-existent syslog server is
more expensive than we assumed we have now turned this
off. If you run a syslog server that is not a recent rsyslog
version, you have to turn this option on again
(ForwardToSyslog= in journald.conf).
* journald now optionally supports the LZ4 compressor for
larger journal fields. This compressor should perform much
better than XZ which was the previous default.
* machinectl now shows the IP addresses of local containers,
if it knows them, plus the interface name of the container.
* A new tool "systemd-escape" has been added that makes it
easy to escape strings to build unit names and similar.
* sd_notify() messages may now include a new ERRNO= field
which is parsed and collected by systemd and shown among the
"systemctl status" output for a service.
* A new component "systemd-firstboot" has been added that
queries the most basic systemd information (timezone,
hostname, root password) interactively on first
boot. Alternatively it may also be used to provision these
things offline on OS images installed into directories.
* The default sysctl.d/ snippets will now set
net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries=1
This has the benefit of no flushing secondary IP addresses
when primary addresses are removed.
Contributions from: Ansgar Burchardt, Bastien Nocera, Colin
Walters, Dan Dedrick, Daniel Buch, Daniel Korostil, Daniel
Mack, Dan Williams, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Denis
Kenzior, Eelco Dolstra, Eric Cook, Hannes Reinecke, Harald
Hoyer, Hong Shick Pak, Hui Wang, Jean-André Santoni, Jóhann
B. Guðmundsson, Jon Severinsson, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kevin
Wells, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael
Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar,
Miguel Angel Ajo, Mike Gilbert, Olivier Brunel, Robert
Schiele, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie, Sjoerd Simons, Stef
Walter, Steven Noonan, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas
Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Timofey Titovets,
Tobias Geerinckx-Rice, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen, Umut
Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-08-19
CHANGES WITH 215:
* A new tool systemd-sysusers has been added. This tool
creates system users and groups in /etc/passwd and
/etc/group, based on static declarative system user/group
definitions in /usr/lib/sysusers.d/. This is useful to
enable factory resets and volatile systems that boot up with
an empty /etc directory, and thus need system users and
groups created during early boot. systemd now also ships
with two default sysusers.d/ files for the most basic
users and groups systemd and the core operating system
require.
* A new tmpfiles snippet has been added that rebuilds the
essential files in /etc on boot, should they be missing.
* A directive for ensuring automatic clean-up of
/var/cache/man/ has been removed from the default
configuration. This line should now be shipped by the man
implementation. The necessary change has been made to the
man-db implementation. Note that you need to update your man
implementation to one that ships this line, otherwise no
automatic clean-up of /var/cache/man will take place.
* A new condition ConditionNeedsUpdate= has been added that
may conditionalize services to only run when /etc or /var
are "older" than the vendor operating system resources in
/usr. This is useful for reconstructing or updating /etc
after an offline update of /usr or a factory reset, on the
next reboot. Services that want to run once after such an
update or reset should use this condition and order
themselves before the new systemd-update-done.service, which
will mark the two directories as fully updated. A number of
service files have been added making use of this, to rebuild
the udev hardware database, the journald message catalog and
dynamic loader cache (ldconfig). The systemd-sysusers tool
described above also makes use of this now. With this in
place it is now possible to start up a minimal operating
system with /etc empty cleanly. For more information on the
concepts involved see this recent blog story:
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/stateless.html
* A new system group "input" has been introduced, and all
input device nodes get this group assigned. This is useful
for system-level software to get access to input devices. It
complements what is already done for "audio" and "video".
* systemd-networkd learnt minimal DHCPv4 server support in
addition to the existing DHCPv4 client support. It also
learnt DHCPv6 client and IPv6 Router Solicitation client
support. The DHCPv4 client gained support for static routes
passed in from the server. Note that the [DHCPv4] section
known in older systemd-networkd versions has been renamed to
[DHCP] and is now also used by the DHCPv6 client. Existing
.network files using settings of this section should be
updated, though compatibility is maintained. Optionally, the
client hostname may now be sent to the DHCP server.
* networkd gained support for vxlan virtual networks as well
as tun/tap and dummy devices.
* networkd gained support for automatic allocation of address
ranges for interfaces from a system-wide pool of
addresses. This is useful for dynamically managing a large
number of interfaces with a single network configuration
file. In particular this is useful to easily assign
appropriate IP addresses to the veth links of a large number
of nspawn instances.
* RPM macros for processing sysusers, sysctl and binfmt
drop-in snippets at package installation time have been
added.
* The /etc/os-release file should now be placed in
/usr/lib/os-release. The old location is automatically
created as symlink. /usr/lib is the more appropriate
location of this file, since it shall actually describe the
vendor operating system shipped in /usr, and not the
configuration stored in /etc.
* .mount units gained a new boolean SloppyOptions= setting
that maps to mount(8)'s -s option which enables permissive
parsing of unknown mount options.
* tmpfiles learnt a new "L+" directive which creates a symlink
but (unlike "L") deletes a pre-existing file first, should
it already exist and not already be the correct
symlink. Similarly, "b+", "c+" and "p+" directives have been
added as well, which create block and character devices, as
well as fifos in the filesystem, possibly removing any
pre-existing files of different types.
* For tmpfiles' "L", "L+", "C" and "C+" directives the final
'argument' field (which so far specified the source to
symlink/copy the files from) is now optional. If omitted the
same file os copied from /usr/share/factory/ suffixed by the
full destination path. This is useful for populating /etc
with essential files, by copying them from vendor defaults
shipped in /usr/share/factory/etc.
* A new command "systemctl preset-all" has been added that
applies the service preset settings to all installed unit
files. A new switch --preset-mode= has been added that
controls whether only enable or only disable operations
shall be executed.
* A new command "systemctl is-system-running" has been added
that allows checking the overall state of the system, for
example whether it is fully up and running.
* When the system boots up with an empty /etc, the equivalent
to "systemctl preset-all" is executed during early boot, to
make sure all default services are enabled after a factory
reset.
* systemd now contains a minimal preset file that enables the
most basic services systemd ships by default.
* Unit files' [Install] section gained a new DefaultInstance=
field for defining the default instance to create if a
template unit is enabled with no instance specified.
* A new passive target cryptsetup-pre.target has been added
that may be used by services that need to make they run and
finish before the first LUKS cryptographic device is set up.
* The /dev/loop-control and /dev/btrfs-control device nodes
are now owned by the "disk" group by default, opening up
access to this group.
* systemd-coredump will now automatically generate a
stack trace of all core dumps taking place on the system,
based on elfutils' libdw library. This stack trace is logged
to the journal.
* systemd-coredump may now optionally store coredumps directly
on disk (in /var/lib/systemd/coredump, possibly compressed),
instead of storing them unconditionally in the journal. This
mode is the new default. A new configuration file
/etc/systemd/coredump.conf has been added to configure this
and other parameters of systemd-coredump.
* coredumpctl gained a new "info" verb to show details about a
specific coredump. A new switch "-1" has also been added
that makes sure to only show information about the most
recent entry instead of all entries. Also, as the tool is
generally useful now the "systemd-" prefix of the binary
name has been removed. Distributions that want to maintain
compatibility with the old name should add a symlink from
the old name to the new name.
* journald's SplitMode= now defaults to "uid". This makes sure
that unprivileged users can access their own coredumps with
coredumpctl without restrictions.
* New kernel command line options "systemd.wants=" (for
pulling an additional unit during boot), "systemd.mask="
(for masking a specific unit for the boot), and
"systemd.debug-shell" (for enabling the debug shell on tty9)
have been added. This is implemented in the new generator
"systemd-debug-generator".
* systemd-nspawn will now by default filter a couple of
syscalls for containers, among them those required for
kernel module loading, direct x86 IO port access, swap
management, and kexec. Most importantly though
open_by_handle_at() is now prohibited for containers,
closing a hole similar to a recently discussed vulnerability
in docker regarding access to files on file hierarchies the
container should normally not have access to. Note that, for
nspawn, we generally make no security claims anyway (and
this is explicitly documented in the man page), so this is
just a fix for one of the most obvious problems.
* A new man page file-hierarchy(7) has been added that
contains a minimized, modernized version of the file system
layout systemd expects, similar in style to the FHS
specification or hier(5). A new tool systemd-path(1) has
been added to query many of these paths for the local
machine and user.
* Automatic time-based clean-up of $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is no
longer done. Since the directory now has a per-user size
limit, and is cleaned on logout this appears unnecessary,
in particular since this now brings the lifecycle of this
directory closer in line with how IPC objects are handled.
* systemd.pc now exports a number of additional directories,
including $libdir (which is useful to identify the library
path for the primary architecture of the system), and a
couple of drop-in directories.
* udev's predictable network interface names now use the dev_port
sysfs attribute, introduced in linux 3.15 instead of dev_id to
distinguish between ports of the same PCI function. dev_id should
only be used for ports using the same HW address, hence the need
for dev_port.
* machined has been updated to export the OS version of a
container (read from /etc/os-release and
/usr/lib/os-release) on the bus. This is now shown in
"machinectl status" for a machine.
* A new service setting RestartForceExitStatus= has been
added. If configured to a set of exit signals or process
return values, the service will be restarted when the main
daemon process exits with any of them, regardless of the
Restart= setting.
* systemctl's -H switch for connecting to remote systemd
machines has been extended so that it may be used to
directly connect to a specific container on the
host. "systemctl -H root@foobar:waldi" will now connect as
user "root" to host "foobar", and then proceed directly to
the container named "waldi". Note that currently you have to
authenticate as user "root" for this to work, as entering
containers is a privileged operation.
Contributions from: Andreas Henriksson, Benjamin Steinwender,
Carl Schaefer, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian King, Cristian
Rodríguez, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Eugene
Yakubovich, Filipe Brandenburger, Frederic Crozat, Hristo
Venev, Jan Engelhardt, Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine
Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich,
Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Michal Sekletar, Patrik Flykt, Ronan Le
Martret, Ronny Chevalier, Ruediger Oertel, Steven Noonan,
Susant Sahani, Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo, Thomas Hindoe
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tom Hirst, Umut Tezduyar
Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-07-03
CHANGES WITH 214:
* As an experimental feature, udev now tries to lock the
disk device node (flock(LOCK_SH|LOCK_NB)) while it
executes events for the disk or any of its partitions.
Applications like partitioning programs can lock the
disk device node (flock(LOCK_EX)) and claim temporary
device ownership that way; udev will entirely skip all event
handling for this disk and its partitions. If the disk
was opened for writing, the close will trigger a partition
table rescan in udev's "watch" facility, and if needed
synthesize "change" events for the disk and all its partitions.
This is now unconditionally enabled, and if it turns out to
cause major problems, we might turn it on only for specific
devices, or might need to disable it entirely. Device Mapper
devices are excluded from this logic.
* We temporarily dropped the "-l" switch for fsck invocations,
since they collide with the flock() logic above. util-linux
upstream has been changed already to avoid this conflict,
and we will re-add "-l" as soon as util-linux with this
change has been released.
* The dependency on libattr has been removed. Since a long
time, the extended attribute calls have moved to glibc, and
libattr is thus unnecessary.
* Virtualization detection works without privileges now. This
means the systemd-detect-virt binary no longer requires
CAP_SYS_PTRACE file capabilities, and our daemons can run
with fewer privileges.
* systemd-networkd now runs under its own "systemd-network"
user. It retains the CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
CAP_NET_BROADCAST, CAP_NET_RAW capabilities though, but
loses the ability to write to files owned by root this way.
* Similarly, systemd-resolved now runs under its own
"systemd-resolve" user with no capabilities remaining.
* Similarly, systemd-bus-proxyd now runs under its own
"systemd-bus-proxy" user with only CAP_IPC_OWNER remaining.
* systemd-networkd gained support for setting up "veth"
virtual Ethernet devices for container connectivity, as well
as GRE and VTI tunnels.
* systemd-networkd will no longer automatically attempt to
manually load kernel modules necessary for certain tunnel
transports. Instead, it is assumed the kernel loads them
automatically when required. This only works correctly on
very new kernels. On older kernels, please consider adding
the kernel modules to /etc/modules-load.d/ as a work-around.
* The resolv.conf file systemd-resolved generates has been
moved to /run/systemd/resolve/. If you have a symlink from
/etc/resolv.conf, it might be necessary to correct it.
* Two new service settings, ProtectHome= and ProtectSystem=,
have been added. When enabled, they will make the user data
(such as /home) inaccessible or read-only and the system
(such as /usr) read-only, for specific services. This allows
very light-weight per-service sandboxing to avoid
modifications of user data or system files from
services. These two new switches have been enabled for all
of systemd's long-running services, where appropriate.
* Socket units gained new SocketUser= and SocketGroup=
settings to set the owner user and group of AF_UNIX sockets
and FIFOs in the file system.
* Socket units gained a new RemoveOnStop= setting. If enabled,
all FIFOS and sockets in the file system will be removed
when the specific socket unit is stopped.
* Socket units gained a new Symlinks= setting. It takes a list
of symlinks to create to file system sockets or FIFOs
created by the specific Unix sockets. This is useful to
manage symlinks to socket nodes with the same lifecycle as
the socket itself.
* The /dev/log socket and /dev/initctl FIFO have been moved to
/run, and have been replaced by symlinks. This allows
connecting to these facilities even if PrivateDevices=yes is
used for a service (which makes /dev/log itself unavailable,
but /run is left). This also has the benefit of ensuring
that /dev only contains device nodes, directories and
symlinks, and nothing else.
* sd-daemon gained two new calls sd_pid_notify() and
sd_pid_notifyf(). They are similar to sd_notify() and
sd_notifyf(), but allow overriding of the source PID of
notification messages if permissions permit this. This is
useful to send notify messages on behalf of a different
process (for example, the parent process). The
systemd-notify tool has been updated to make use of this
when sending messages (so that notification messages now
originate from the shell script invoking systemd-notify and
not the systemd-notify process itself. This should minimize
a race where systemd fails to associate notification
messages to services when the originating process already
vanished.
* A new "on-abnormal" setting for Restart= has been added. If
set, it will result in automatic restarts on all "abnormal"
reasons for a process to exit, which includes unclean
signals, core dumps, timeouts and watchdog timeouts, but
does not include clean and unclean exit codes or clean
signals. Restart=on-abnormal is an alternative for
Restart=on-failure for services that shall be able to
terminate and avoid restarts on certain errors, by
indicating so with an unclean exit code. Restart=on-failure
or Restart=on-abnormal is now the recommended setting for
all long-running services.
* If the InaccessibleDirectories= service setting points to a
mount point (or if there are any submounts contained within
it), it is now attempted to completely unmount it, to make
the file systems truly unavailable for the respective
service.
* The ReadOnlyDirectories= service setting and
systemd-nspawn's --read-only parameter are now recursively
applied to all submounts, too.
* Mount units may now be created transiently via the bus APIs.
* The support for SysV and LSB init scripts has been removed
from the systemd daemon itself. Instead, it is now
implemented as a generator that creates native systemd units
from these scripts when needed. This enables us to remove a
substantial amount of legacy code from PID 1, following the
fact that many distributions only ship a very small number
of LSB/SysV init scripts nowadays.
* Privileged Xen (dom0) domains are not considered
virtualization anymore by the virtualization detection
logic. After all, they generally have unrestricted access to
the hardware and usually are used to manage the unprivileged
(domU) domains.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained a new "C" line type, for copying
files or entire directories.
* systemd-tmpfiles "m" lines are now fully equivalent to "z"
lines. So far, they have been non-globbing versions of the
latter, and have thus been redundant. In future, it is
recommended to only use "z". "m" has hence been removed
from the documentation, even though it stays supported.
* A tmpfiles snippet to recreate the most basic structure in
/var has been added. This is enough to create the /var/run →
/run symlink and create a couple of structural
directories. This allows systems to boot up with an empty or
volatile /var. Of course, while with this change, the core OS
now is capable with dealing with a volatile /var, not all
user services are ready for it. However, we hope that sooner
or later, many service daemons will be changed upstream so
that they are able to automatically create their necessary
directories in /var at boot, should they be missing. This is
the first step to allow state-less systems that only require
the vendor image for /usr to boot.
* systemd-nspawn has gained a new --tmpfs= switch to mount an
empty tmpfs instance to a specific directory. This is
particularly useful for making use of the automatic
reconstruction of /var (see above), by passing --tmpfs=/var.
* Access modes specified in tmpfiles snippets may now be
prefixed with "~", which indicates that they shall be masked
by whether the existing file or directory is currently
writable, readable or executable at all. Also, if specified,
the sgid/suid/sticky bits will be masked for all
non-directories.
* A new passive target unit "network-pre.target" has been
added which is useful for services that shall run before any
network is configured, for example firewall scripts.
* The "floppy" group that previously owned the /dev/fd*
devices is no longer used. The "disk" group is now used
instead. Distributions should probably deprecate usage of
this group.
Contributions from: Camilo Aguilar, Christian Hesse, Colin Ian
King, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, David
Strauss, Denis Tikhomirov, John, Jonathan Liu, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mark Eichin, Ronny
Chevalier, Susant Sahani, Thomas Blume, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-06-11
CHANGES WITH 213:
* A new "systemd-timesyncd" daemon has been added for
synchronizing the system clock across the network. It
implements an SNTP client. In contrast to NTP
implementations such as chrony or the NTP reference server,
this only implements a client side, and does not bother with
the full NTP complexity, focusing only on querying time from
one remote server and synchronizing the local clock to
it. Unless you intend to serve NTP to networked clients or
want to connect to local hardware clocks, this simple NTP
client should be more than appropriate for most
installations. The daemon runs with minimal privileges, and
has been hooked up with networkd to only operate when
network connectivity is available. The daemon saves the
current clock to disk every time a new NTP sync has been
acquired, and uses this to possibly correct the system clock
early at bootup, in order to accommodate for systems that
lack an RTC such as the Raspberry Pi and embedded devices,
and to make sure that time monotonically progresses on these
systems, even if it is not always correct. To make use of
this daemon, a new system user and group "systemd-timesync"
needs to be created on installation of systemd.
* The queue "seqnum" interface of libudev has been disabled, as
it was generally incompatible with device namespacing as
sequence numbers of devices go "missing" if the devices are
part of a different namespace.
* "systemctl list-timers" and "systemctl list-sockets" gained
a --recursive switch for showing units of these types also
for all local containers, similar in style to the already
supported --recursive switch for "systemctl list-units".
* A new RebootArgument= setting has been added for service
units, which may be used to specify a kernel reboot argument
to use when triggering reboots with StartLimitAction=.
* A new FailureAction= setting has been added for service
units which may be used to specify an operation to trigger
when a service fails. This works similarly to
StartLimitAction=, but unlike it, controls what is done
immediately rather than only after several attempts to
restart the service in question.
* hostnamed got updated to also expose the kernel name,
release, and version on the bus. This is useful for
executing commands like hostnamectl with the -H switch.
systemd-analyze makes use of this to properly display
details when running non-locally.
* The bootchart tool can now show cgroup information in the
graphs it generates.
* The CFS CPU quota cgroup attribute is now exposed for
services. The new CPUQuota= switch has been added for this
which takes a percentage value. Setting this will have the
result that a service may never get more CPU time than the
specified percentage, even if the machine is otherwise idle.
* systemd-networkd learned IPIP and SIT tunnel support.
* LSB init scripts exposing a dependency on $network will now
get a dependency on network-online.target rather than simply
network.target. This should bring LSB handling closer to
what it was on SysV systems.
* A new fsck.repair= kernel option has been added to control
how fsck shall deal with unclean file systems at boot.
* The (.ini) configuration file parser will now silently
ignore sections whose name begins with "X-". This may be
used to maintain application-specific extension sections in unit
files.
* machined gained a new API to query the IP addresses of
registered containers. "machinectl status" has been updated
to show these addresses in its output.
* A new call sd_uid_get_display() has been added to the
sd-login APIs for querying the "primary" session of a
user. The "primary" session of the user is elected from the
user's sessions and generally a graphical session is
preferred over a text one.
* A minimal systemd-resolved daemon has been added. It
currently simply acts as a companion to systemd-networkd and
manages resolv.conf based on per-interface DNS
configuration, possibly supplied via DHCP. In the long run
we hope to extend this into a local DNSSEC enabled DNS and
mDNS cache.
* The systemd-networkd-wait-online tool is now enabled by
default. It will delay network-online.target until a network
connection has been configured. The tool primarily integrates
with networkd, but will also make a best effort to make sense
of network configuration performed in some other way.
* Two new service options StartupCPUShares= and
StartupBlockIOWeight= have been added that work similarly to
CPUShares= and BlockIOWeight= however only apply during
system startup. This is useful to prioritize certain services
differently during bootup than during normal runtime.
* hostnamed has been changed to prefer the statically
configured hostname in /etc/hostname (unless set to
'localhost' or empty) over any dynamic one supplied by
dhcp. With this change, the rules for picking the hostname
match more closely the rules of other configuration settings
where the local administrator's configuration in /etc always
overrides any other settings.
Contributions from: Ali H. Caliskan, Alison Chaiken, Bas van
den Berg, Brandon Philips, Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch,
Dan Kilman, Dave Reisner, David Härdeman, David Herrmann,
David Strauss, Dimitris Spingos, Djalal Harouni, Eelco
Dolstra, Evan Nemerson, Florian Albrechtskirchinger, Greg
Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan
Engelhardt, Jani Nikula, Jason St. John, Jeffrey Clark,
Jonathan Boulle, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas
Nykryn, Lukasz Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marcel Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael
Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Michal Sekletar, Mike Gilbert, Nis
Martensen, Patrik Flykt, Philip Lorenz, poma, Ray Strode,
Reyad Attiyat, Robert Milasan, Scott Thrasher, Stef Walter,
Steven Siloti, Susant Sahani, Tanu Kaskinen, Thomas Bächler,
Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar
Lindskog, WaLyong Cho, Will Woods, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Beijing, 2014-05-28
CHANGES WITH 212:
* When restoring the screen brightness at boot, stay away from
the darkest setting or from the lowest 5% of the available
range, depending on which is the larger value of both. This
should effectively protect the user from rebooting into a
black screen, should the brightness have been set to minimum
by accident.
* sd-login gained a new sd_machine_get_class() call to
determine the class ("vm" or "container") of a machine
registered with machined.
* sd-login gained new calls
sd_peer_get_{session,owner_uid,unit,user_unit,slice,machine_name}(),
to query the identity of the peer of a local AF_UNIX
connection. They operate similarly to their sd_pid_get_xyz()
counterparts.
* PID 1 will now maintain a system-wide system state engine
with the states "starting", "running", "degraded",
"maintenance", "stopping". These states are bound to system
startup, normal runtime, runtime with at least one failed
service, rescue/emergency mode and system shutdown. This
state is shown in the "systemctl status" output when no unit
name is passed. It is useful to determine system state, in
particularly when doing so for many systems or containers at
once.
* A new command "list-machines" has been added to "systemctl"
that lists all local OS containers and shows their system
state (see above), if systemd runs inside of them.
* systemctl gained a new "-r" switch to recursively enumerate
units on all local containers, when used with the
"list-unit" command (which is the default one that is
executed when no parameters are specified).
* The GPT automatic partition discovery logic will now honour
two GPT partition flags: one may be set on a partition to
cause it to be mounted read-only, and the other may be set
on a partition to ignore it during automatic discovery.
* Two new GPT type UUIDs have been added for automatic root
partition discovery, for 32-bit and 64-bit ARM. This is not
particularly useful for discovering the root directory on
these architectures during bare-metal boots (since UEFI is
not common there), but still very useful to allow booting of
ARM disk images in nspawn with the -i option.
* MAC addresses of interfaces created with nspawn's
--network-interface= switch will now be generated from the
machine name, and thus be stable between multiple invocations
of the container.
* logind will now automatically remove all IPC objects owned
by a user if she or he fully logs out. This makes sure that
users who are logged out cannot continue to consume IPC
resources. This covers SysV memory, semaphores and message
queues as well as POSIX shared memory and message
queues. Traditionally, SysV and POSIX IPC had no lifecycle
limits. With this functionality, that is corrected. This may
be turned off by using the RemoveIPC= switch of logind.conf.
* The systemd-machine-id-setup and tmpfiles tools gained a
--root= switch to operate on a specific root directory,
instead of /.
* journald can now forward logged messages to the TTYs of all
logged in users ("wall"). This is the default for all
emergency messages now.
* A new tool systemd-journal-remote has been added to stream
journal log messages across the network.
* /sys/fs/cgroup/ is now mounted read-only after all cgroup
controller trees are mounted into it. Note that the
directories mounted beneath it are not read-only. This is a
security measure and is particularly useful because glibc
actually includes a search logic to pick any tmpfs it can
find to implement shm_open() if /dev/shm is not available
(which it might very well be in namespaced setups).
* machinectl gained a new "poweroff" command to cleanly power
down a local OS container.
* The PrivateDevices= unit file setting will now also drop the
CAP_MKNOD capability from the capability bound set, and
imply DevicePolicy=closed.
* PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork= and PrivateTmp= is now used
comprehensively on all long-running systemd services where
this is appropriate.
* systemd-udevd will now run in a disassociated mount
namespace. To mount directories from udev rules, make sure to
pull in mount units via SYSTEMD_WANTS properties.
* The kdbus support gained support for uploading policy into
the kernel. sd-bus gained support for creating "monitoring"
connections that can eavesdrop into all bus communication
for debugging purposes.
* Timestamps may now be specified in seconds since the UNIX
epoch Jan 1st, 1970 by specifying "@" followed by the value
in seconds.
* Native tcpwrap support in systemd has been removed. tcpwrap
is old code, not really maintained anymore and has serious
shortcomings, and better options such as firewalls
exist. For setups that require tcpwrap usage, please
consider invoking your socket-activated service via tcpd,
like on traditional inetd.
* A new system.conf configuration option
DefaultTimerAccuracySec= has been added that controls the
default AccuracySec= setting of .timer units.
* Timer units gained a new WakeSystem= switch. If enabled,
timers configured this way will cause the system to resume
from system suspend (if the system supports that, which most
do these days).
* Timer units gained a new Persistent= switch. If enabled,
timers configured this way will save to disk when they have
been last triggered. This information is then used on next
reboot to possible execute overdue timer events, that
could not take place because the system was powered off.
This enables simple anacron-like behaviour for timer units.
* systemctl's "list-timers" will now also list the time a
timer unit was last triggered in addition to the next time
it will be triggered.
* systemd-networkd will now assign predictable IPv4LL
addresses to its local interfaces.
Contributions from: Brandon Philips, Daniel Buch, Daniel Mack,
Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gerd Hoffmann, Greg
Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Jason St. John, Josh
Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marc-Antoine
Perennou, Michael Marineau, Michael Olbrich, Miklos Vajna,
Patrik Flykt, poma, Sebastian Thorarensen, Thomas Bächler,
Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom Gundersen,
Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Wieland Hoffmann, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-03-25
CHANGES WITH 211:
* A new unit file setting RestrictAddressFamilies= has been
added to restrict which socket address families unit
processes gain access to. This takes address family names
like "AF_INET" or "AF_UNIX", and is useful to minimize the
attack surface of services via exotic protocol stacks. This
is built on seccomp system call filters.
* Two new unit file settings RuntimeDirectory= and
RuntimeDirectoryMode= have been added that may be used to
manage a per-daemon runtime directories below /run. This is
an alternative for setting up directory permissions with
tmpfiles snippets, and has the advantage that the runtime
directory's lifetime is bound to the daemon runtime and that
the daemon starts up with an empty directory each time. This
is particularly useful when writing services that drop
privileges using the User= or Group= setting.
* The DeviceAllow= unit setting now supports globbing for
matching against device group names.
* The systemd configuration file system.conf gained new
settings DefaultCPUAccounting=, DefaultBlockIOAccounting=,
DefaultMemoryAccounting= to globally turn on/off accounting
for specific resources (cgroups) for all units. These
settings may still be overridden individually in each unit
though.
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator is now able to discover /srv and
root partitions in addition to /home and swap partitions. It
also supports LUKS-encrypted partitions now. With this in
place, automatic discovery of partitions to mount following
the Discoverable Partitions Specification
(https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/DiscoverablePartitionsSpec)
is now a lot more complete. This allows booting without
/etc/fstab and without root= on the kernel command line on
systems prepared appropriately.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --image= switch which allows
booting up disk images and Linux installations on any block
device that follow the Discoverable Partitions Specification
(see above). This means that installations made with
appropriately updated installers may now be started and
deployed using container managers, completely
unmodified. (We hope that libvirt-lxc will add support for
this feature soon, too.)
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-macvlan= setting to
set up a private macvlan interface for the
container. Similarly, systemd-networkd gained a new
Kind=macvlan setting in .netdev files.
* systemd-networkd now supports configuring local addresses
using IPv4LL.
* A new tool systemd-network-wait-online has been added to
synchronously wait for network connectivity using
systemd-networkd.
* The sd-bus.h bus API gained a new sd_bus_track object for
tracking the lifecycle of bus peers. Note that sd-bus.h is
still not a public API though (unless you specify
--enable-kdbus on the configure command line, which however
voids your warranty and you get no API stability guarantee).
* The $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR runtime directories for each user are
now individual tmpfs instances, which has the benefit of
introducing separate pools for each user, with individual
size limits, and thus making sure that unprivileged clients
can no longer negatively impact the system or other users by
filling up their $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR. A new logind.conf setting
RuntimeDirectorySize= has been introduced that allows
controlling the default size limit for all users. It
defaults to 10% of the available physical memory. This is no
replacement for quotas on tmpfs though (which the kernel
still does not support), as /dev/shm and /tmp are still
shared resources used by both the system and unprivileged
users.
* logind will now automatically turn off automatic suspending
on laptop lid close when more than one display is
connected. This was previously expected to be implemented
individually in desktop environments (such as GNOME),
however has been added to logind now, in order to fix a
boot-time race where a desktop environment might not have
been started yet and thus not been able to take an inhibitor
lock at the time where logind already suspends the system
due to a closed lid.
* logind will now wait at least 30s after each system
suspend/resume cycle, and 3min after system boot before
suspending the system due to a closed laptop lid. This
should give USB docking stations and similar enough time to
be probed and configured after system resume and boot in
order to then act as suspend blocker.
* systemd-run gained a new --property= setting which allows
initialization of resource control properties (and others)
for the created scope or service unit. Example: "systemd-run
--property=BlockIOWeight=10 updatedb" may be used to run
updatedb at a low block IO scheduling weight.
* systemd-run's --uid=, --gid=, --setenv=, --setenv= switches
now also work in --scope mode.
* When systemd is compiled with kdbus support, basic support
for enforced policies is now in place. (Note that enabling
kdbus still voids your warranty and no API compatibility
promises are made.)
Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Ansgar Burchardt, Armin
K., Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni,
Harald Hoyer, Henrik Grindal Bakken, Jasper St. Pierre, Kay
Sievers, Kieran Clancy, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn,
Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann, Mark Oteiza, Martin Pitt,
Mike Gilbert, Peter Rajnoha, poma, Samuli Suominen, Stef
Walter, Susant Sahani, Tero Roponen, Thomas Andersen, Thomas
Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tomasz Torcz, Tom
Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Uoti Urpala, Zachary Cook,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-03-12
CHANGES WITH 210:
* systemd will now relabel /dev after loading the SMACK policy
according to SMACK rules.
* A new unit file option AppArmorProfile= has been added to
set the AppArmor profile for the processes of a unit.
* A new condition check ConditionArchitecture= has been added
to conditionalize units based on the system architecture, as
reported by uname()'s "machine" field.
* systemd-networkd now supports matching on the system
virtualization, architecture, kernel command line, host name
and machine ID.
* logind is now a lot more aggressive when suspending the
machine due to a closed laptop lid. Instead of acting only
on the lid close action, it will continuously watch the lid
status and act on it. This is useful for laptops where the
power button is on the outside of the chassis so that it can
be reached without opening the lid (such as the Lenovo
Yoga). On those machines, logind will now immediately
re-suspend the machine if the power button has been
accidentally pressed while the laptop was suspended and in a
backpack or similar.
* logind will now watch SW_DOCK switches and inhibit reaction
to the lid switch if it is pressed. This means that logind
will not suspend the machine anymore if the lid is closed
and the system is docked, if the laptop supports SW_DOCK
notifications via the input layer. Note that ACPI docking
stations do not generate this currently. Also note that this
logic is usually not fully sufficient and Desktop
Environments should take a lid switch inhibitor lock when an
external display is connected, as systemd will not watch
this on its own.
* nspawn will now make use of the devices cgroup controller by
default, and only permit creation of and access to the usual
API device nodes like /dev/null or /dev/random, as well as
access to (but not creation of) the pty devices.
* We will now ship a default .network file for
systemd-networkd that automatically configures DHCP for
network interfaces created by nspawn's --network-veth or
--network-bridge= switches.
* systemd will now understand the usual M, K, G, T suffixes
according to SI conventions (i.e. to the base 1000) when
referring to throughput and hardware metrics. It will stay
with IEC conventions (i.e. to the base 1024) for software
metrics, according to what is customary according to
Wikipedia. We explicitly document which base applies for
each configuration option.
* The DeviceAllow= setting in unit files now supports a syntax
to whitelist an entire group of devices node majors at once,
based on the /proc/devices listing. For example, with the
string "char-pts", it is now possible to whitelist all
current and future pseudo-TTYs at once.
* sd-event learned a new "post" event source. Event sources of
this type are triggered by the dispatching of any event
source of a type that is not "post". This is useful for
implementing clean-up and check event sources that are
triggered by other work being done in the program.
* systemd-networkd is no longer statically enabled, but uses
the usual [Install] sections so that it can be
enabled/disabled using systemctl. It still is enabled by
default however.
* When creating a veth interface pair with systemd-nspawn, the
host side will now be prefixed with "vb-" if
--network-bridge= is used, and with "ve-" if --network-veth
is used. This way, it is easy to distinguish these cases on
the host, for example to apply different configuration to
them with systemd-networkd.
* The compatibility libraries for libsystemd-journal.so,
libsystem-id128.so, libsystemd-login.so and
libsystemd-daemon.so do not make use of IFUNC
anymore. Instead, we now build libsystemd.so multiple times
under these alternative names. This means that the footprint
is drastically increased, but given that these are
transitional compatibility libraries, this should not matter
much. This change has been made necessary to support the ARM
platform for these compatibility libraries, as the ARM
toolchain is not really at the same level as the toolchain
for other architectures like x86 and does not support
IFUNC. Please make sure to use --enable-compat-libs only
during a transitional period!
* The .include syntax has been deprecated and is not documented
anymore. Drop-in files in .d directories should be used instead.
Contributions from: Andreas Fuchs, Armin K., Colin Walters,
Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Djalal Harouni,
Holger Schurig, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason St. John, Jasper
St. Pierre, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Łukasz Stelmach,
Marcel Holtmann, Michael Scherer, Michal Sekletar, Mike
Gilbert, Samuli Suominen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-02-24
CHANGES WITH 209:
* A new component "systemd-networkd" has been added that can
be used to configure local network interfaces statically or
via DHCP. It is capable of bringing up bridges, VLANs, and
bonding. Currently, no hook-ups for interactive network
configuration are provided. Use this for your initrd,
container, embedded, or server setup if you need a simple,
yet powerful, network configuration solution. This
configuration subsystem is quite nifty, as it allows wildcard
hotplug matching in interfaces. For example, with a single
configuration snippet, you can configure that all Ethernet
interfaces showing up are automatically added to a bridge,
or similar. It supports link-sensing and more.
* A new tool "systemd-socket-proxyd" has been added which can
act as a bidirectional proxy for TCP sockets. This is
useful for adding socket activation support to services that
do not actually support socket activation, including virtual
machines and the like.
* Add a new tool to save/restore rfkill state on
shutdown/boot.
* Save/restore state of keyboard backlights in addition to
display backlights on shutdown/boot.
* udev learned a new SECLABEL{} construct to label device
nodes with a specific security label when they appear. For
now, only SECLABEL{selinux} is supported, but the syntax is
prepared for additional security frameworks.
* udev gained a new scheme to configure link-level attributes
from files in /etc/systemd/network/*.link. These files can
match against MAC address, device path, driver name and type,
and will apply attributes like the naming policy, link speed,
MTU, duplex settings, Wake-on-LAN settings, MAC address, MAC
address assignment policy (randomized, ...).
* The configuration of network interface naming rules for
"permanent interface names" has changed: a new NamePolicy=
setting in the [Link] section of .link files determines the
priority of possible naming schemes (onboard, slot, MAC,
path). The default value of this setting is determined by
/usr/lib/net/links/99-default.link. Old
80-net-name-slot.rules udev configuration file has been
removed, so local configuration overriding this file should
be adapted to override 99-default.link instead.
* When the User= switch is used in a unit file, also
initialize $SHELL= based on the user database entry.
* systemd no longer depends on libdbus. All communication is
now done with sd-bus, systemd's low-level bus library
implementation.
* kdbus support has been added to PID 1 itself. When kdbus is
enabled, this causes PID 1 to set up the system bus and
enable support for a new ".busname" unit type that
encapsulates bus name activation on kdbus. It works a little
bit like ".socket" units, except for bus names. A new
generator has been added that converts classic dbus1 service
activation files automatically into native systemd .busname
and .service units.
* sd-bus: add a light-weight vtable implementation that allows
defining objects on the bus with a simple static const
vtable array of its methods, signals and properties.
* systemd will not generate or install static dbus
introspection data anymore to /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces,
as the precise format of these files is unclear, and
nothing makes use of it.
* A proxy daemon is now provided to proxy clients connecting
via classic D-Bus AF_UNIX sockets to kdbus, to provide full
compatibility with classic D-Bus.
* A bus driver implementation has been added that supports the
classic D-Bus bus driver calls on kdbus, also for
compatibility purposes.
* A new API "sd-event.h" has been added that implements a
minimal event loop API built around epoll. It provides a
couple of features that direct epoll usage is lacking:
prioritization of events, scales to large numbers of timer
events, per-event timer slack (accuracy), system-wide
coalescing of timer events, exit handlers, watchdog
supervision support using systemd's sd_notify() API, child
process handling.
* A new API "sd-rntl.h" has been added that provides an API
around the route netlink interface of the kernel, similar in
style to "sd-bus.h".
* A new API "sd-dhcp-client.h" has been added that provides a
small DHCPv4 client-side implementation. This is used by
"systemd-networkd".
* There is a new kernel command line option
"systemd.restore_state=0|1". When set to "0", none of the
systemd tools will restore saved runtime state to hardware
devices. More specifically, the rfkill and backlight states
are not restored.
* The FsckPassNo= compatibility option in mount/service units
has been removed. The fstab generator will now add the
necessary dependencies automatically, and does not require
PID1's support for that anymore.
* journalctl gained a new switch, --list-boots, that lists
recent boots with their times and boot IDs.
* The various tools like systemctl, loginctl, timedatectl,
busctl, systemd-run, ... have gained a new switch "-M" to
connect to a specific, local OS container (as direct
connection, without requiring SSH). This works on any
container that is registered with machined, such as those
created by libvirt-lxc or nspawn.
* systemd-run and systemd-analyze also gained support for "-H"
to connect to remote hosts via SSH. This is particularly
useful for systemd-run because it enables queuing of jobs
onto remote systems.
* machinectl gained a new command "login" to open a getty
login in any local container. This works with any container
that is registered with machined (such as those created by
libvirt-lxc or nspawn), and which runs systemd inside.
* machinectl gained a new "reboot" command that may be used to
trigger a reboot on a specific container that is registered
with machined. This works on any container that runs an init
system of some kind.
* systemctl gained a new "list-timers" command to print a nice
listing of installed timer units with the times they elapse
next.
* Alternative reboot() parameters may now be specified on the
"systemctl reboot" command line and are passed to the
reboot() system call.
* systemctl gained a new --job-mode= switch to configure the
mode to queue a job with. This is a more generic version of
--fail, --irreversible, and --ignore-dependencies, which are
still available but not advertised anymore.
* /etc/systemd/system.conf gained new settings to configure
various default timeouts of units, as well as the default
start limit interval and burst. These may still be overridden
within each Unit.
* PID1 will now export on the bus profile data of the security
policy upload process (such as the SELinux policy upload to
the kernel).
* journald: when forwarding logs to the console, include
timestamps (following the setting in
/sys/module/printk/parameters/time).
* OnCalendar= in timer units now understands the special
strings "yearly" and "annually". (Both are equivalent)
* The accuracy of timer units is now configurable with the new
AccuracySec= setting. It defaults to 1min.
* A new dependency type JoinsNamespaceOf= has been added that
allows running two services within the same /tmp and network
namespace, if PrivateNetwork= or PrivateTmp= are used.
* A new command "cat" has been added to systemctl. It outputs
the original unit file of a unit, and concatenates the
contents of additional "drop-in" unit file snippets, so that
the full configuration is shown.
* systemctl now supports globbing on the various "list-xyz"
commands, like "list-units" or "list-sockets", as well as on
those commands which take multiple unit names.
* journalctl's --unit= switch gained support for globbing.
* All systemd daemons now make use of the watchdog logic so
that systemd automatically notices when they hang.
* If the $container_ttys environment variable is set,
getty-generator will automatically spawn a getty for each
listed tty. This is useful for container managers to request
login gettys to be spawned on as many ttys as needed.
* %h, %s, %U specifier support is not available anymore when
used in unit files for PID 1. This is because NSS calls are
not safe from PID 1. They stay available for --user
instances of systemd, and as special case for the root user.
* loginctl gained a new "--no-legend" switch to turn off output
of the legend text.
* The "sd-login.h" API gained three new calls:
sd_session_is_remote(), sd_session_get_remote_user(),
sd_session_get_remote_host() to query information about
remote sessions.
* The udev hardware database now also carries vendor/product
information of SDIO devices.
* The "sd-daemon.h" API gained a new sd_watchdog_enabled() to
determine whether watchdog notifications are requested by
the system manager.
* Socket-activated per-connection services now include a
short description of the connection parameters in the
description.
* tmpfiles gained a new "--boot" option. When this is not used,
only lines where the command character is not suffixed with
"!" are executed. When this option is specified, those
options are executed too. This partitions tmpfiles
directives into those that can be safely executed at any
time, and those which should be run only at boot (for
example, a line that creates /run/nologin).
* A new API "sd-resolve.h" has been added which provides a simple
asynchronous wrapper around glibc NSS host name resolution
calls, such as getaddrinfo(). In contrast to glibc's
getaddrinfo_a(), it does not use signals. In contrast to most
other asynchronous name resolution libraries, this one does
not reimplement DNS, but reuses NSS, so that alternate
host name resolution systems continue to work, such as mDNS,
LDAP, etc. This API is based on libasyncns, but it has been
cleaned up for inclusion in systemd.
* The APIs "sd-journal.h", "sd-login.h", "sd-id128.h",
"sd-daemon.h" are no longer found in individual libraries
libsystemd-journal.so, libsystemd-login.so,
libsystemd-id128.so, libsystemd-daemon.so. Instead, we have
merged them into a single library, libsystemd.so, which
provides all symbols. The reason for this is cyclic
dependencies, as these libraries tend to use each other's
symbols. So far, we have managed to workaround that by linking
a copy of a good part of our code into each of these
libraries again and again, which, however, makes certain
things hard to do, like sharing static variables. Also, it
substantially increases footprint. With this change, there
is only one library for the basic APIs systemd
provides. Also, "sd-bus.h", "sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h",
"sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h", "sd-utf8.h" are found in this
library as well, however are subject to the --enable-kdbus
switch (see below). Note that "sd-dhcp-client.h" is not part
of this library (this is because it only consumes, never
provides, services of/to other APIs). To make the transition
easy from the separate libraries to the unified one, we
provide the --enable-compat-libs compile-time switch which
will generate stub libraries that are compatible with the
old ones but redirect all calls to the new one.
* All of the kdbus logic and the new APIs "sd-bus.h",
"sd-memfd.h", "sd-event.h", "sd-rtnl.h", "sd-resolve.h",
and "sd-utf8.h" are compile-time optional via the
"--enable-kdbus" switch, and they are not compiled in by
default. To make use of kdbus, you have to explicitly enable
the switch. Note however, that neither the kernel nor the
userspace API for all of this is considered stable yet. We
want to maintain the freedom to still change the APIs for
now. By specifying this build-time switch, you acknowledge
that you are aware of the instability of the current
APIs.
* Also, note that while kdbus is pretty much complete,
it lacks one thing: proper policy support. This means you
can build a fully working system with all features; however,
it will be highly insecure. Policy support will be added in
one of the next releases, at the same time that we will
declare the APIs stable.
* When the kernel command line argument "kdbus" is specified,
systemd will automatically load the kdbus.ko kernel module. At
this stage of development, it is only useful for testing kdbus
and should not be used in production. Note: if "--enable-kdbus"
is specified, and the kdbus.ko kernel module is available, and
"kdbus" is added to the kernel command line, the entire system
runs with kdbus instead of dbus-daemon, with the above mentioned
problem of missing the system policy enforcement. Also a future
version of kdbus.ko or a newer systemd will not be compatible with
each other, and will unlikely be able to boot the machine if only
one of them is updated.
* systemctl gained a new "import-environment" command which
uploads the caller's environment (or parts thereof) into the
service manager so that it is inherited by services started
by the manager. This is useful to upload variables like
$DISPLAY into the user service manager.
* A new PrivateDevices= switch has been added to service units
which allows running a service with a namespaced /dev
directory that does not contain any device nodes for
physical devices. More specifically, it only includes devices
such as /dev/null, /dev/urandom, and /dev/zero which are API
entry points.
* logind has been extended to support behaviour like VT
switching on seats that do not support a VT. This makes
multi-session available on seats that are not the first seat
(seat0), and on systems where kernel support for VTs has
been disabled at compile-time.
* If a process holds a delay lock for system sleep or shutdown
and fails to release it in time, we will now log its
identity. This makes it easier to identify processes that
cause slow suspends or power-offs.
* When parsing /etc/crypttab, support for a new key-slot=
option as supported by Debian is added. It allows indicating
which LUKS slot to use on disk, speeding up key loading.
* The sd_journal_sendv() API call has been checked and
officially declared to be async-signal-safe so that it may
be invoked from signal handlers for logging purposes.
* Boot-time status output is now enabled automatically after a
short timeout if boot does not progress, in order to give
the user an indication what she or he is waiting for.
* The boot-time output has been improved to show how much time
remains until jobs expire.
* The KillMode= switch in service units gained a new possible
value "mixed". If set, and the unit is shut down, then the
initial SIGTERM signal is sent only to the main daemon
process, while the following SIGKILL signal is sent to
all remaining processes of the service.
* When a scope unit is registered, a new property "Controller"
may be set. If set to a valid bus name, systemd will send a
RequestStop() signal to this name when it would like to shut
down the scope. This may be used to hook manager logic into
the shutdown logic of scope units. Also, scope units may now
be put in a special "abandoned" state, in which case the
manager process which created them takes no further
responsibilities for it.
* When reading unit files, systemd will now verify
the access mode of these files, and warn about certain
suspicious combinations. This has been added to make it
easier to track down packaging bugs where unit files are
marked executable or world-writable.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new "--setenv=" switch to set
container-wide environment variables. The similar option in
systemd-activate was renamed from "--environment=" to
"--setenv=" for consistency.
* systemd-nspawn has been updated to create a new kdbus domain
for each container that is invoked, thus allowing each
container to have its own set of system and user buses,
independent of the host.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --drop-capability= switch to run
the container with less capabilities than the default. Both
--drop-capability= and --capability= now take the special
string "all" for dropping or keeping all capabilities.
* systemd-nspawn gained new switches for executing containers
with specific SELinux labels set.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --quiet switch to not generate
any additional output but the container's own console
output.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --share-system switch to run a
container without PID namespacing enabled.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --register= switch to control
whether the container is registered with systemd-machined or
not. This is useful for containers that do not run full
OS images, but only specific apps.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --keep-unit which may be used
when invoked as the only program from a service unit, and
results in registration of the unit service itself in
systemd-machined, instead of a newly opened scope unit.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --network-interface= switch for
moving arbitrary interfaces to the container. The new
--network-veth switch creates a virtual Ethernet connection
between host and container. The new --network-bridge=
switch then allows assigning the host side of this virtual
Ethernet connection to a bridge device.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --personality= switch for
setting the kernel personality for the container. This is
useful when running a 32-bit container on a 64-bit host. A
similar option Personality= is now also available for service
units to use.
* logind will now also track a "Desktop" identifier for each
session which encodes the desktop environment of it. This is
useful for desktop environments that want to identify
multiple running sessions of itself easily.
* A new SELinuxContext= setting for service units has been
added that allows setting a specific SELinux execution
context for a service.
* Most systemd client tools will now honour $SYSTEMD_LESS for
settings of the "less" pager. By default, these tools will
override $LESS to allow certain operations to work, such as
jump-to-the-end. With $SYSTEMD_LESS, it is possible to
influence this logic.
* systemd's "seccomp" hook-up has been changed to make use of
the libseccomp library instead of using its own
implementation. This has benefits for portability among
other things.
* For usage together with SystemCallFilter=, a new
SystemCallErrorNumber= setting has been introduced that
allows configuration of a system error number to be returned
on filtered system calls, instead of immediately killing the
process. Also, SystemCallArchitectures= has been added to
limit access to system calls of a particular architecture
(in order to turn off support for unused secondary
architectures). There is also a global
SystemCallArchitectures= setting in system.conf now to turn
off support for non-native system calls system-wide.
* systemd requires a kernel with a working name_to_handle_at(),
please see the kernel config requirements in the README file.
Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alex Jia, Anatol Pomozov,
Ansgar Burchardt, AppleBloom, Auke Kok, Bastien Nocera,
Chengwei Yang, Christian Seiler, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters,
Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniele Medri, Daniel J
Walsh, Daniel Mack, Dan McGee, Dave Reisner, David Coppa,
David Herrmann, David Strauss, Djalal Harouni, Dmitry Pisklov,
Elia Pinto, Florian Weimer, George McCollister, Goffredo
Baroncelli, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Hendrik Brueckner, Igor
Zhbanov, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason A. Donenfeld,
Jason St. John, Jasper St. Pierre, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson, Jose
Ignacio Naranjo, Karel Zak, Kay Sievers, Kristian Høgsberg,
Lennart Poettering, Lubomir Rintel, Lukas Nykryn, Lukasz
Skalski, Łukasz Stelmach, Luke Shumaker, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marcel Holtmann, Marcos Felipe Rasia de
Mello, Marko Myllynen, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael
Marineau, Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Michal Sekletar,
Michele Curti, Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Patrik Flykt,
Pavel Holica, Raudi, Richard Marko, Ronny Chevalier, Sébastien
Luttringer, Sergey Ptashnick, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters,
Stefan Beller, Susant Sahani, Sylvain Plantefeve, Sylvia Else,
Tero Roponen, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen,
Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar Lindskog, Unai Uribarri, Václav
Pavlín, Vincent Batts, WaLyong Cho, William Giokas, Yang
Zhiyong, Yin Kangkai, Yuxuan Shui, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2014-02-20
CHANGES WITH 208:
* logind has gained support for facilitating privileged input
and drm device access for unprivileged clients. This work is
useful to allow Wayland display servers (and similar
programs, such as kmscon) to run under the user's ID and
access input and drm devices which are normally
protected. When this is used (and the kernel is new enough)
logind will "mute" IO on the file descriptors passed to
Wayland as long as it is in the background and "unmute" it
if it returns into the foreground. This allows secure
session switching without allowing background sessions to
eavesdrop on input and display data. This also introduces
session switching support if VT support is turned off in the
kernel, and on seats that are not seat0.
* A new kernel command line option luks.options= is understood
now which allows specifying LUKS options for usage for LUKS
encrypted partitions specified with luks.uuid=.
* tmpfiles.d(5) snippets may now use specifier expansion in
path names. More specifically %m, %b, %H, %v, are now
replaced by the local machine id, boot id, hostname, and
kernel version number.
* A new tmpfiles.d(5) command "m" has been introduced which
may be used to change the owner/group/access mode of a file
or directory if it exists, but do nothing if it does not.
* This release removes high-level support for the
MemorySoftLimit= cgroup setting. The underlying kernel
cgroup attribute memory.soft_limit= is currently badly
designed and likely to be removed from the kernel API in its
current form, hence we should not expose it for now.
* The memory.use_hierarchy cgroup attribute is now enabled for
all cgroups systemd creates in the memory cgroup
hierarchy. This option is likely to be come the built-in
default in the kernel anyway, and the non-hierarchical mode
never made much sense in the intrinsically hierarchical
cgroup system.
* A new field _SYSTEMD_SLICE= is logged along with all journal
messages containing the slice a message was generated
from. This is useful to allow easy per-customer filtering of
logs among other things.
* systemd-journald will no longer adjust the group of journal
files it creates to the "systemd-journal" group. Instead we
rely on the journal directory to be owned by the
"systemd-journal" group, and its setgid bit set, so that the
kernel file system layer will automatically enforce that
journal files inherit this group assignment. The reason for
this change is that we cannot allow NSS look-ups from
journald which would be necessary to resolve
"systemd-journal" to a numeric GID, because this might
create deadlocks if NSS involves synchronous queries to
other daemons (such as nscd, or sssd) which in turn are
logging clients of journald and might block on it, which
would then dead lock. A tmpfiles.d(5) snippet included in
systemd will make sure the setgid bit and group are
properly set on the journal directory if it exists on every
boot. However, we recommend adjusting it manually after
upgrades too (or from RPM scriptlets), so that the change is
not delayed until next reboot.
* Backlight and random seed files in /var/lib/ have moved into
the /var/lib/systemd/ directory, in order to centralize all
systemd generated files in one directory.
* Boot time performance measurements (as displayed by
"systemd-analyze" for example) will now read ACPI 5.0 FPDT
performance information if that's available to determine how
much time BIOS and boot loader initialization required. With
a sufficiently new BIOS you hence no longer need to boot
with Gummiboot to get access to such information.
Contributions from: Andrey Borzenkov, Chen Jie, Colin Walters,
Cristian Rodríguez, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David
Mackey, David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Evan Callicoat, Gao
feng, Harald Hoyer, Jimmie Tauriainen, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt,
Michael Scherer, Michał Górny, Mike Gilbert, Patrick McCarty,
Sebastian Ott, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2013-10-02
CHANGES WITH 207:
* The Restart= option for services now understands a new
on-watchdog setting, which will restart the service
automatically if the service stops sending out watchdog keep
alive messages (as configured with WatchdogSec=).
* The getty generator (which is responsible for bringing up a
getty on configured serial consoles) will no longer only
start a getty on the primary kernel console but on all
others, too. This makes the order in which console= is
specified on the kernel command line less important.
* libsystemd-logind gained a new sd_session_get_vt() call to
retrieve the VT number of a session.
* If the option "tries=0" is set for an entry of /etc/crypttab
its passphrase is queried indefinitely instead of any
maximum number of tries.
* If a service with a configure PID file terminates its PID
file will now be removed automatically if it still exists
afterwards. This should put an end to stale PID files.
* systemd-run will now also take relative binary path names
for execution and no longer insists on absolute paths.
* InaccessibleDirectories= and ReadOnlyDirectories= now take
paths that are optionally prefixed with "-" to indicate that
it should not be considered a failure if they do not exist.
* journalctl -o (and similar commands) now understands a new
output mode "short-precise", it is similar to "short" but
shows timestamps with usec accuracy.
* The option "discard" (as known from Debian) is now
synonymous to "allow-discards" in /etc/crypttab. In fact,
"discard" is preferred now (since it is easier to remember
and type).
* Some licensing clean-ups were made, so that more code is now
LGPL-2.1 licensed than before.
* A minimal tool to save/restore the display backlight
brightness across reboots has been added. It will store the
backlight setting as late as possible at shutdown, and
restore it as early as possible during reboot.
* A logic to automatically discover and enable home and swap
partitions on GPT disks has been added. With this in place
/etc/fstab becomes optional for many setups as systemd can
discover certain partitions located on the root disk
automatically. Home partitions are recognized under their
GPT type ID 933ac7e12eb44f13b8440e14e2aef915. Swap
partitions are recognized under their GPT type ID
0657fd6da4ab43c484e50933c84b4f4f.
* systemd will no longer pass any environment from the kernel
or initrd to system services. If you want to set an
environment for all services, do so via the kernel command
line systemd.setenv= assignment.
* The systemd-sysctl tool no longer natively reads the file
/etc/sysctl.conf. If desired, the file should be symlinked
from /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf. Apart from providing
legacy support by a symlink rather than built-in code, it
also makes the otherwise hidden order of application of the
different files visible. (Note that this partly reverts to a
pre-198 application order of sysctl knobs!)
* The "systemctl set-log-level" and "systemctl dump" commands
have been moved to systemd-analyze.
* systemd-run learned the new --remain-after-exit switch,
which causes the scope unit not to be cleaned up
automatically after the process terminated.
* tmpfiles learned a new --exclude-prefix= switch to exclude
certain paths from operation.
* journald will now automatically flush all messages to disk
as soon as a message at the log level CRIT, ALERT or EMERG
is received.
Contributions from: Andrew Cook, Brandon Philips, Christian
Hesse, Christoph Junghans, Colin Walters, Daniel Schaal,
Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, Gao feng, George
McCollister, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer,
Herczeg Zsolt, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt,
Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Khem Raj, Lennart Poettering,
Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel
Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Marineau,
Michael Scherer, Michael Stapelberg, Michal Sekletar, Michał
Górny, Olivier Brunel, Ondrej Balaz, Ronny Chevalier, Shawn
Landden, Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Bächler, Thomas Hindoe
Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, WANG Chao,
William Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2013-09-13
CHANGES WITH 206:
* The documentation has been updated to cover the various new
concepts introduced with 205.
* Unit files now understand the new %v specifier which
resolves to the kernel version string as returned by "uname
-r".
* systemctl now supports filtering the unit list output by
load state, active state and sub state, using the new
--state= parameter.
* "systemctl status" will now show the results of the
condition checks (like ConditionPathExists= and similar) of
the last start attempts of the unit. They are also logged to
the journal.
* "journalctl -b" may now be used to look for boot output of a
specific boot. Try "journalctl -b -1" for the previous boot,
but the syntax is substantially more powerful.
* "journalctl --show-cursor" has been added which prints the
cursor string the last shown log line. This may then be used
with the new "journalctl --after-cursor=" switch to continue
browsing logs from that point on.
* "journalctl --force" may now be used to force regeneration
of an FSS key.
* Creation of "dead" device nodes has been moved from udev
into kmod and tmpfiles. Previously, udev would read the kmod
databases to pre-generate dead device nodes based on meta
information contained in kernel modules, so that these would
be auto-loaded on access rather then at boot. As this
does not really have much to do with the exposing actual
kernel devices to userspace this has always been slightly
alien in the udev codebase. Following the new scheme kmod
will now generate a runtime snippet for tmpfiles from the
module meta information and it now is tmpfiles' job to the
create the nodes. This also allows overriding access and
other parameters for the nodes using the usual tmpfiles
facilities. As side effect this allows us to remove the
CAP_SYS_MKNOD capability bit from udevd entirely.
* logind's device ACLs may now be applied to these "dead"
devices nodes too, thus finally allowing managed access to
devices such as /dev/snd/sequencer without loading the
backing module right-away.
* A new RPM macro has been added that may be used to apply
tmpfiles configuration during package installation.
* systemd-detect-virt and ConditionVirtualization= now can
detect User-Mode-Linux machines (UML).
* journald will now implicitly log the effective capabilities
set of processes in the message metadata.
* systemd-cryptsetup has gained support for TrueCrypt volumes.
* The initrd interface has been simplified (more specifically,
support for passing performance data via environment
variables and fsck results via files in /run has been
removed). These features were non-essential, and are
nowadays available in a much nicer way by having systemd in
the initrd serialize its state and have the hosts systemd
deserialize it again.
* The udev "keymap" data files and tools to apply keyboard
specific mappings of scan to key codes, and force-release
scan code lists have been entirely replaced by a udev
"keyboard" builtin and a hwdb data file.
* systemd will now honour the kernel's "quiet" command line
argument also during late shutdown, resulting in a
completely silent shutdown when used.
* There's now an option to control the SO_REUSEPORT socket
option in .socket units.
* Instance units will now automatically get a per-template
subslice of system.slice unless something else is explicitly
configured. For example, instances of sshd@.service will now
implicitly be placed in system-sshd.slice rather than
system.slice as before.
* Test coverage support may now be enabled at build time.
Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Harald
Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Jan Engelhardt, Jan
Janssen, Jason St. John, Jesper Larsen, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Maciej Wereski, Martin Pitt, Michael
Olbrich, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Ross Lagerwall, Shawn Landden,
Thomas H.P. Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tomasz Torcz, William
Giokas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
— Berlin, 2013-07-23
CHANGES WITH 205:
* Two new unit types have been introduced:
Scope units are very similar to service units, however, are
created out of pre-existing processes — instead of PID 1
forking off the processes. By using scope units it is
possible for system services and applications to group their
own child processes (worker processes) in a powerful way
which then maybe used to organize them, or kill them
together, or apply resource limits on them.
Slice units may be used to partition system resources in an
hierarchical fashion and then assign other units to them. By
default there are now three slices: system.slice (for all
system services), user.slice (for all user sessions),
machine.slice (for VMs and containers).
Slices and scopes have been introduced primarily in
context of the work to move cgroup handling to a
single-writer scheme, where only PID 1
creates/removes/manages cgroups.
* There's a new concept of "transient" units. In contrast to
normal units these units are created via an API at runtime,
not from configuration from disk. More specifically this
means it is now possible to run arbitrary programs as
independent services, with all execution parameters passed
in via bus APIs rather than read from disk. Transient units
make systemd substantially more dynamic then it ever was,
and useful as a general batch manager.
* logind has been updated to make use of scope and slice units
for managing user sessions. As a user logs in he will get
his own private slice unit, to which all sessions are added
as scope units. We also added support for automatically
adding an instance of user@.service for the user into the
slice. Effectively logind will no longer create cgroup
hierarchies on its own now, it will defer entirely to PID 1
for this by means of scope, service and slice units. Since
user sessions this way become entities managed by PID 1
the output of "systemctl" is now a lot more comprehensive.
* A new mini-daemon "systemd-machined" has been added which
may be used by virtualization managers to register local
VMs/containers. nspawn has been updated accordingly, and
libvirt will be updated shortly. machined will collect a bit
of meta information about the VMs/containers, and assign
them their own scope unit (see above). The collected
meta-data is then made available via the "machinectl" tool,
and exposed in "ps" and similar tools. machined/machinectl
is compile-time optional.
* As discussed earlier, the low-level cgroup configuration
options ControlGroup=, ControlGroupModify=,
ControlGroupPersistent=, ControlGroupAttribute= have been
removed. Please use high-level attribute settings instead as
well as slice units.
* A new bus call SetUnitProperties() has been added to alter
various runtime parameters of a unit. This is primarily
useful to alter cgroup parameters dynamically in a nice way,
but will be extended later on to make more properties
modifiable at runtime. systemctl gained a new set-properties
command that wraps this call.
* A new tool "systemd-run" has been added which can be used to
run arbitrary command lines as transient services or scopes,
while configuring a number of settings via the command
line. This tool is currently very basic, however already
very useful. We plan to extend this tool to even allow
queuing of execution jobs with time triggers from the
command line, similar in fashion to "at".
* nspawn will now inform the user explicitly that kernels with
audit enabled break containers, and suggest the user to turn
off audit.
* Support for detecting the IMA and AppArmor security
frameworks with ConditionSecurity= has been added.
* journalctl gained a new "-k" switch for showing only kernel
messages, mimicking dmesg output; in addition to "--user"
and "--system" switches for showing only user's own logs
and system logs.
* systemd-delta can now show information about drop-in
snippets extending unit files.
* libsystemd-bus has been substantially updated but is still
not available as public API.
* systemd will now look for the "debug" argument on the kernel
command line and enable debug logging, similar to what
"systemd.log_level=debug" already did before.
* "systemctl set-default", "systemctl get-default" has been
added to configure the default.target symlink, which
controls what to boot into by default.
* "systemctl set-log-level" has been added as a convenient
way to raise and lower systemd logging threshold.
* "systemd-analyze plot" will now show the time the various
generators needed for execution, as well as information
about the unit file loading.
* libsystemd-journal gained a new sd_journal_open_files() call
for opening specific journal files. journactl also gained a
new switch to expose this new functionality. Previously we
only supported opening all files from a directory, or all
files from the system, as opening individual files only is
racy due to journal file rotation.
* systemd gained the new DefaultEnvironment= setting in
/etc/systemd/system.conf to set environment variables for
all services.
* If a privileged process logs a journal message with the
OBJECT_PID= field set, then journald will automatically
augment this with additional OBJECT_UID=, OBJECT_GID=,
OBJECT_COMM=, OBJECT_EXE=, ... fields. This is useful if
system services want to log events about specific client
processes. journactl/systemctl has been updated to make use
of this information if all log messages regarding a specific
unit is requested.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Chengwei Yang, Colin Walters,
Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Albers, Daniel Wallace, Dave
Reisner, David Coppa, David King, David Strauss, Eelco
Dolstra, Gabriel de Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander
Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason St. John, Johan
Heikkilä, Karel Zak, Karol Lewandowski, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marius Vollmer,
Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tremer,
Michal Schmidt, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Nirbheek Chauhan,
Pierre Neidhardt, Ross Burton, Ross Lagerwall, Sean McGovern,
Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
Václav Pavlín, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek,
Łukasz Stelmach, 장동준
CHANGES WITH 204:
* The Python bindings gained some minimal support for the APIs
exposed by libsystemd-logind.
* ConditionSecurity= gained support for detecting SMACK. Since
this condition already supports SELinux and AppArmor we only
miss IMA for this. Patches welcome!
Contributions from: Karol Lewandowski, Lennart Poettering,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 203:
* systemd-nspawn will now create /etc/resolv.conf if
necessary, before bind-mounting the host's file onto it.
* systemd-nspawn will now store meta information about a
container on the container's cgroup as extended attribute
fields, including the root directory.
* The cgroup hierarchy has been reworked in many ways. All
objects any of the components systemd creates in the cgroup
tree are now suffixed. More specifically, user sessions are
now placed in cgroups suffixed with ".session", users in
cgroups suffixed with ".user", and nspawn containers in
cgroups suffixed with ".nspawn". Furthermore, all cgroup
names are now escaped in a simple scheme to avoid collision
of userspace object names with kernel filenames. This work
is preparation for making these objects relocatable in the
cgroup tree, in order to allow easy resource partitioning of
these objects without causing naming conflicts.
* systemctl list-dependencies gained the new switches
--plain, --reverse, --after and --before.
* systemd-inhibit now shows the process name of processes that
have taken an inhibitor lock.
* nss-myhostname will now also resolve "localhost"
implicitly. This makes /etc/hosts an optional file and
nicely handles that on IPv6 ::1 maps to both "localhost" and
the local hostname.
* libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call
sd_get_machine_names() to enumerate running containers and
VMs (currently only supported by very new libvirt and
nspawn). sd_login_monitor can now be used to watch
VMs/containers coming and going.
* .include is not allowed recursively anymore, and only in
unit files. Usually it is better to use drop-in snippets in
.d/*.conf anyway, as introduced with systemd 198.
* systemd-analyze gained a new "critical-chain" command that
determines the slowest chain of units run during system
boot-up. It is very useful for tracking down where
optimizing boot time is the most beneficial.
* systemd will no longer allow manipulating service paths in
the name=systemd:/system cgroup tree using ControlGroup= in
units. (But is still fine with it in all other dirs.)
* There's a new systemd-nspawn@.service service file that may
be used to easily run nspawn containers as system
services. With the container's root directory in
/var/lib/container/foobar it is now sufficient to run
"systemctl start systemd-nspawn@foobar.service" to boot it.
* systemd-cgls gained a new parameter "--machine" to list only
the processes within a certain container.
* ConditionSecurity= now can check for "apparmor". We still
are lacking checks for SMACK and IMA for this condition
check though. Patches welcome!
* A new configuration file /etc/systemd/sleep.conf has been
added that may be used to configure which kernel operation
systemd is supposed to execute when "suspend", "hibernate"
or "hybrid-sleep" is requested. This makes the new kernel
"freeze" state accessible to the user.
* ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS} in udev rules will now implicitly escape
the passed argument if applicable.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters,
Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
Evangelos Foutras, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Harald Hoyer, Josh
Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn,
MUNEDA Takahiro, Mantas Mikulėnas, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel
Chen, Nirbheek Chauhan, Ronny Chevalier, Ross Lagerwall, Tom
Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 202:
* The output of 'systemctl list-jobs' got some polishing. The
'--type=' argument may now be passed more than once. A new
command 'systemctl list-sockets' has been added which shows
a list of kernel sockets systemd is listening on with the
socket units they belong to, plus the units these socket
units activate.
* The experimental libsystemd-bus library got substantial
updates to work in conjunction with the (also experimental)
kdbus kernel project. It works well enough to exchange
messages with some sophistication. Note that kdbus is not
ready yet, and the library is mostly an elaborate test case
for now, and not installable.
* systemd gained a new unit 'systemd-static-nodes.service'
that generates static device nodes earlier during boot, and
can run in conjunction with udev.
* libsystemd-login gained a new call sd_pid_get_user_unit()
to retrieve the user systemd unit a process is running
in. This is useful for systems where systemd is used as
session manager.
* systemd-nspawn now places all containers in the new /machine
top-level cgroup directory in the name=systemd
hierarchy. libvirt will soon do the same, so that we get a
uniform separation of /system, /user and /machine for system
services, user processes and containers/virtual
machines. This new cgroup hierarchy is also useful to stick
stable names to specific container instances, which can be
recognized later this way (this name may be controlled
via systemd-nspawn's new -M switch). libsystemd-login also
gained a new call sd_pid_get_machine_name() to retrieve the
name of the container/VM a specific process belongs to.
* bootchart can now store its data in the journal.
* libsystemd-journal gained a new call
sd_journal_add_conjunction() for AND expressions to the
matching logic. This can be used to express more complex
logical expressions.
* journactl can now take multiple --unit= and --user-unit=
switches.
* The cryptsetup logic now understands the "luks.key=" kernel
command line switch for specifying a file to read the
decryption key from. Also, if a configured key file is not
found the tool will now automatically fall back to prompting
the user.
* Python systemd.journal module was updated to wrap recently
added functions from libsystemd-journal. The interface was
changed to bring the low level interface in s.j._Reader
closer to the C API, and the high level interface in
s.j.Reader was updated to wrap and convert all data about
an entry.
Contributions from: Anatol Pomozov, Auke Kok, Harald Hoyer,
Henrik Grindal Bakken, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas Marius Vollmer,
Martin Jansa, Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt,
Mirco Tischler, Pali Rohar, Simon Peeters, Steven Hiscocks,
Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 201:
* journalctl --update-catalog now understands a new --root=
option to operate on catalogs found in a different root
directory.
* During shutdown after systemd has terminated all running
services a final killing loop kills all remaining left-over
processes. We will now print the name of these processes
when we send SIGKILL to them, since this usually indicates a
problem.
* If /etc/crypttab refers to password files stored on
configured mount points automatic dependencies will now be
generated to ensure the specific mount is established first
before the key file is attempted to be read.
* 'systemctl status' will now show information about the
network sockets a socket unit is listening on.
* 'systemctl status' will also shown information about any
drop-in configuration file for units. (Drop-In configuration
files in this context are files such as
/etc/systemd/systemd/foobar.service.d/*.conf)
* systemd-cgtop now optionally shows summed up CPU times of
cgroups. Press '%' while running cgtop to switch between
percentage and absolute mode. This is useful to determine
which cgroups use up the most CPU time over the entire
runtime of the system. systemd-cgtop has also been updated
to be 'pipeable' for processing with further shell tools.
* 'hostnamectl set-hostname' will now allow setting of FQDN
hostnames.
* The formatting and parsing of time span values has been
changed. The parser now understands fractional expressions
such as "5.5h". The formatter will now output fractional
expressions for all time spans under 1min, i.e. "5.123456s"
rather than "5s 123ms 456us". For time spans under 1s
millisecond values are shown, for those under 1ms
microsecond values are shown. This should greatly improve
all time-related output of systemd.
* libsystemd-login and libsystemd-journal gained new
functions for querying the poll() events mask and poll()
timeout value for integration into arbitrary event
loops.
* localectl gained the ability to list available X11 keymaps
(models, layouts, variants, options).
* 'systemd-analyze dot' gained the ability to filter for
specific units via shell-style globs, to create smaller,
more useful graphs. I.e. it is now possible to create simple
graphs of all the dependencies between only target units, or
of all units that Avahi has dependencies with.
Contributions from: Cristian Rodríguez, Dr. Tilmann Bubeck,
Harald Hoyer, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers, Kelly
Anderson, Koen Kooi, Lennart Poettering, Maksim Melnikau,
Marc-Antoine Perennou, Marius Vollmer, Martin Pitt, Michal
Schmidt, Oleksii Shevchuk, Ronny Chevalier, Simon McVittie,
Steven Hiscocks, Thomas Weißschuh, Umut Tezduyar, Václav
Pavlín, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Łukasz Stelmach
CHANGES WITH 200:
* The boot-time readahead implementation for rotating media
will now read the read-ahead data in multiple passes which
consist of all read requests made in equidistant time
intervals. This means instead of strictly reading read-ahead
data in its physical order on disk we now try to find a
middle ground between physical and access time order.
* /etc/os-release files gained a new BUILD_ID= field for usage
on operating systems that provide continuous builds of OS
images.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin Pitt, Václav Pavlín
William Douglas, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 199:
* systemd-python gained an API exposing libsystemd-daemon.
* The SMACK setup logic gained support for uploading CIPSO
security policy.
* Behaviour of PrivateTmp=, ReadWriteDirectories=,
ReadOnlyDirectories= and InaccessibleDirectories= has
changed. The private /tmp and /var/tmp directories are now
shared by all processes of a service (which means
ExecStartPre= may now leave data in /tmp that ExecStart= of
the same service can still access). When a service is
stopped its temporary directories are immediately deleted
(normal clean-up with tmpfiles is still done in addition to
this though).
* By default, systemd will now set a couple of sysctl
variables in the kernel: the safe sysrq options are turned
on, IP route verification is turned on, and source routing
disabled. The recently added hardlink and softlink
protection of the kernel is turned on. These settings should
be reasonably safe, and good defaults for all new systems.
* The predictable network naming logic may now be turned off
with a new kernel command line switch: net.ifnames=0.
* A new libsystemd-bus module has been added that implements a
pretty complete D-Bus client library. For details see:
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/systemd-devel/2013-March/009797.html
* journald will now explicitly flush the journal files to disk
at the latest 5min after each write. The file will then also
be marked offline until the next write. This should increase
reliability in case of a crash. The synchronization delay
can be configured via SyncIntervalSec= in journald.conf.
* There's a new remote-fs-setup.target unit that can be used
to pull in specific services when at least one remote file
system is to be mounted.
* There are new targets timers.target and paths.target as
canonical targets to pull user timer and path units in
from. This complements sockets.target with a similar
purpose for socket units.
* libudev gained a new call udev_device_set_attribute_value()
to set sysfs attributes of a device.
* The udev daemon now sets the default number of worker
processes executed in parallel based on the number of available
CPUs instead of the amount of available RAM. This is supposed
to provide a more reliable default and limit a too aggressive
parallelism for setups with 1000s of devices connected.
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Walters, Cristian
Rodríguez, Daniel Buch, Dave Reisner, Frederic Crozat, Hannes
Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander Steffens, Jan
Engelhardt, Josh Triplett, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Mantas Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Mathieu Bridon, Michael Biebl,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nathaniel Chen,
Oleksii Shevchuk, Ozan Çağlayan, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel
Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 198:
* Configuration of unit files may now be extended via drop-in
files without having to edit/override the unit files
themselves. More specifically, if the administrator wants to
change one value for a service file foobar.service he can
now do so by dropping in a configuration snippet into
/etc/systemd/system/foobar.service.d/*.conf. The unit logic
will load all these snippets and apply them on top of the
main unit configuration file, possibly extending or
overriding its settings. Using these drop-in snippets is
generally nicer than the two earlier options for changing
unit files locally: copying the files from
/usr/lib/systemd/system/ to /etc/systemd/system/ and editing
them there; or creating a new file in /etc/systemd/system/
that incorporates the original one via ".include". Drop-in
snippets into these .d/ directories can be placed in any
directory systemd looks for units in, and the usual
overriding semantics between /usr/lib, /etc and /run apply
for them too.
* Most unit file settings which take lists of items can now be
reset by assigning the empty string to them. For example,
normally, settings such as Environment=FOO=BAR append a new
environment variable assignment to the environment block,
each time they are used. By assigning Environment= the empty
string the environment block can be reset to empty. This is
particularly useful with the .d/*.conf drop-in snippets
mentioned above, since this adds the ability to reset list
settings from vendor unit files via these drop-ins.
* systemctl gained a new "list-dependencies" command for
listing the dependencies of a unit recursively.
* Inhibitors are now honored and listed by "systemctl
suspend", "systemctl poweroff" (and similar) too, not only
GNOME. These commands will also list active sessions by
other users.
* Resource limits (as exposed by the various control group
controllers) can now be controlled dynamically at runtime
for all units. More specifically, you can now use a command
like "systemctl set-cgroup-attr foobar.service cpu.shares
2000" to alter the CPU shares a specific service gets. These
settings are stored persistently on disk, and thus allow the
administrator to easily adjust the resource usage of
services with a few simple commands. This dynamic resource
management logic is also available to other programs via the
bus. Almost any kernel cgroup attribute and controller is
supported.
* systemd-vconsole-setup will now copy all font settings to
all allocated VTs, where it previously applied them only to
the foreground VT.
* libsystemd-login gained the new sd_session_get_tty() API
call.
* This release drops support for a few legacy or
distribution-specific LSB facility names when parsing init
scripts: $x-display-manager, $mail-transfer-agent,
$mail-transport-agent, $mail-transfer-agent, $smtp,
$null. Also, the mail-transfer-agent.target unit backing
this has been removed. Distributions which want to retain
compatibility with this should carry the burden for
supporting this themselves and patch support for these back
in, if they really need to. Also, the facilities $syslog and
$local_fs are now ignored, since systemd does not support
early-boot LSB init scripts anymore, and these facilities
are implied anyway for normal services. syslog.target has
also been removed.
* There are new bus calls on PID1's Manager object for
cancelling jobs, and removing snapshot units. Previously,
both calls were only available on the Job and Snapshot
objects themselves.
* systemd-journal-gatewayd gained SSL support.
* The various "environment" files, such as /etc/locale.conf
now support continuation lines with a backslash ("\") as
last character in the line, similarly in style (but different)
to how this is supported in shells.
* For normal user processes the _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= field is
now implicitly appended to every log entry logged. systemctl
has been updated to filter by this field when operating on a
user systemd instance.
* nspawn will now implicitly add the CAP_AUDIT_WRITE and
CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL capabilities to the capabilities set for
the container. This makes it easier to boot unmodified
Fedora systems in a container, which however still requires
audit=0 to be passed on the kernel command line. Auditing in
kernel and userspace is unfortunately still too broken in
context of containers, hence we recommend compiling it out
of the kernel or using audit=0. Hopefully this will be fixed
one day for good in the kernel.
* nspawn gained the new --bind= and --bind-ro= parameters to
bind mount specific directories from the host into the
container.
* nspawn will now mount its own devpts file system instance
into the container, in order not to leak pty devices from
the host into the container.
* systemd will now read the firmware boot time performance
information from the EFI variables, if the used boot loader
supports this, and takes it into account for boot performance
analysis via "systemd-analyze". This is currently supported
only in conjunction with Gummiboot, but could be supported
by other boot loaders too. For details see:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/BootLoaderInterface
* A new generator has been added that automatically mounts the
EFI System Partition (ESP) to /boot, if that directory
exists, is empty, and no other file system has been
configured to be mounted there.
* logind will now send out PrepareForSleep(false) out
unconditionally, after coming back from suspend. This may be
used by applications as asynchronous notification for
system resume events.
* "systemctl unlock-sessions" has been added, that allows
unlocking the screens of all user sessions at once, similar
to how "systemctl lock-sessions" already locked all users
sessions. This is backed by a new D-Bus call UnlockSessions().
* "loginctl seat-status" will now show the master device of a
seat. (i.e. the device of a seat that needs to be around for
the seat to be considered available, usually the graphics
card).
* tmpfiles gained a new "X" line type, that allows
configuration of files and directories (with wildcards) that
shall be excluded from automatic cleanup ("aging").
* udev default rules set the device node permissions now only
at "add" events, and do not change them any longer with a
later "change" event.
* The log messages for lid events and power/sleep keypresses
now carry a message ID.
* We now have a substantially larger unit test suite, but this
continues to be work in progress.
* udevadm hwdb gained a new --root= parameter to change the
root directory to operate relative to.
* logind will now issue a background sync() request to the kernel
early at shutdown, so that dirty buffers are flushed to disk early
instead of at the last moment, in order to optimize shutdown
times a little.
* A new bootctl tool has been added that is an interface for
certain boot loader operations. This is currently a preview
and is likely to be extended into a small mechanism daemon
like timedated, localed, hostnamed, and can be used by
graphical UIs to enumerate available boot options, and
request boot into firmware operations.
* systemd-bootchart has been relicensed to LGPLv2.1+ to match
the rest of the package. It also has been updated to work
correctly in initrds.
* polkit previously has been runtime optional, and is now also
compile time optional via a configure switch.
* systemd-analyze has been reimplemented in C. Also "systemctl
dot" has moved into systemd-analyze.
* "systemctl status" with no further parameters will now print
the status of all active or failed units.
* Operations such as "systemctl start" can now be executed
with a new mode "--irreversible" which may be used to queue
operations that cannot accidentally be reversed by a later
job queuing. This is by default used to make shutdown
requests more robust.
* The Python API of systemd now gained a new module for
reading journal files.
* A new tool kernel-install has been added that can install
kernel images according to the Boot Loader Specification:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec
* Boot time console output has been improved to provide
animated boot time output for hanging jobs.
* A new tool systemd-activate has been added which can be used
to test socket activation with, directly from the command
line. This should make it much easier to test and debug
socket activation in daemons.
* journalctl gained a new "--reverse" (or -r) option to show
journal output in reverse order (i.e. newest line first).
* journalctl gained a new "--pager-end" (or -e) option to jump
to immediately jump to the end of the journal in the
pager. This is only supported in conjunction with "less".
* journalctl gained a new "--user-unit=" option, that works
similarly to "--unit=" but filters for user units rather than
system units.
* A number of unit files to ease adoption of systemd in
initrds has been added. This moves some minimal logic from
the various initrd implementations into systemd proper.
* The journal files are now owned by a new group
"systemd-journal", which exists specifically to allow access
to the journal, and nothing else. Previously, we used the
"adm" group for that, which however possibly covers more
than just journal/log file access. This new group is now
already used by systemd-journal-gatewayd to ensure this
daemon gets access to the journal files and as little else
as possible. Note that "make install" will also set FS ACLs
up for /var/log/journal to give "adm" and "wheel" read
access to it, in addition to "systemd-journal" which owns
the journal files. We recommend that packaging scripts also
add read access to "adm" + "wheel" to /var/log/journal, and
all existing/future journal files. To normal users and
administrators little changes, however packagers need to
ensure to create the "systemd-journal" system group at
package installation time.
* The systemd-journal-gatewayd now runs as unprivileged user
systemd-journal-gateway:systemd-journal-gateway. Packaging
scripts need to create these system user/group at
installation time.
* timedated now exposes a new boolean property CanNTP that
indicates whether a local NTP service is available or not.
* systemd-detect-virt will now also detect xen PVs
* The pstore file system is now mounted by default, if it is
available.
* In addition to the SELinux and IMA policies we will now also
load SMACK policies at early boot.
Contributions from: Adel Gadllah, Aleksander Morgado, Auke
Kok, Ayan George, Bastien Nocera, Colin Walters, Daniel Buch,
Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann, David Strauss,
Eelco Dolstra, Enrico Scholz, Frederic Crozat, Harald Hoyer,
Jan Janssen, Jonathan Callen, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin
Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Max F. Albrecht, Michael Biebl, Michael
Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michal Vyskocil,
Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Mirco Tischler, Nathaniel Chen, Nestor
Ovroy, Oleksii Shevchuk, Paul W. Frields, Piotr Drąg, Rob
Clark, Ryan Lortie, Simon McVittie, Simon Peeters, Steven
Hiscocks, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, William Giokas, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeeshan Ali (Khattak)
CHANGES WITH 197:
* Timer units now support calendar time events in addition to
monotonic time events. That means you can now trigger a unit
based on a calendar time specification such as "Thu,Fri
2013-*-1,5 11:12:13" which refers to 11:12:13 of the first
or fifth day of any month of the year 2013, given that it is
a thursday or friday. This brings timer event support
considerably closer to cron's capabilities. For details on
the supported calendar time specification language see
systemd.time(7).
* udev now supports a number of different naming policies for
network interfaces for predictable names, and a combination
of these policies is now the default. Please see this wiki
document for details:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames
* Auke Kok's bootchart implementation has been added to the
systemd tree. It is an optional component that can graph the
boot in quite some detail. It is one of the best bootchart
implementations around and minimal in its code and
dependencies.
* nss-myhostname has been integrated into the systemd source
tree. nss-myhostname guarantees that the local hostname
always stays resolvable via NSS. It has been a weak
requirement of systemd-hostnamed since a long time, and
since its code is actually trivial we decided to just
include it in systemd's source tree. It can be turned off
with a configure switch.
* The read-ahead logic is now capable of properly detecting
whether a btrfs file system is on SSD or rotating media, in
order to optimize the read-ahead scheme. Previously, it was
only capable of detecting this on traditional file systems
such as ext4.
* In udev, additional device properties are now read from the
IAB in addition to the OUI database. Also, Bluetooth company
identities are attached to the devices as well.
* In service files %U may be used as specifier that is
replaced by the configured user name of the service.
* nspawn may now be invoked without a controlling TTY. This
makes it suitable for invocation as its own service. This
may be used to set up a simple containerized server system
using only core OS tools.
* systemd and nspawn can now accept socket file descriptors
when they are started for socket activation. This enables
implementation of socket activated nspawn
containers. i.e. think about autospawning an entire OS image
when the first SSH or HTTP connection is received. We expect
that similar functionality will also be added to libvirt-lxc
eventually.
* journalctl will now suppress ANSI color codes when
presenting log data.
* systemctl will no longer show control group information for
a unit if the control group is empty anyway.
* logind can now automatically suspend/hibernate/shutdown the
system on idle.
* /etc/machine-info and hostnamed now also expose the chassis
type of the system. This can be used to determine whether
the local system is a laptop, desktop, handset or
tablet. This information may either be configured by the
user/vendor or is automatically determined from ACPI and DMI
information if possible.
* A number of polkit actions are now bound together with "imply"
rules. This should simplify creating UIs because many actions
will now authenticate similar ones as well.
* Unit files learnt a new condition ConditionACPower= which
may be used to conditionalize a unit depending on whether an
AC power source is connected or not, of whether the system
is running on battery power.
* systemctl gained a new "is-failed" verb that may be used in
shell scripts and suchlike to check whether a specific unit
is in the "failed" state.
* The EnvironmentFile= setting in unit files now supports file
globbing, and can hence be used to easily read a number of
environment files at once.
* systemd will no longer detect and recognize specific
distributions. All distribution-specific #ifdeffery has been
removed, systemd is now fully generic and
distribution-agnostic. Effectively, not too much is lost as
a lot of the code is still accessible via explicit configure
switches. However, support for some distribution specific
legacy configuration file formats has been dropped. We
recommend distributions to simply adopt the configuration
files everybody else uses now and convert the old
configuration from packaging scripts. Most distributions
already did that. If that's not possible or desirable,
distributions are welcome to forward port the specific
pieces of code locally from the git history.
* When logging a message about a unit systemd will now always
log the unit name in the message meta data.
* localectl will now also discover system locale data that is
not stored in locale archives, but directly unpacked.
* logind will no longer unconditionally use framebuffer
devices as seat masters, i.e. as devices that are required
to be existing before a seat is considered preset. Instead,
it will now look for all devices that are tagged as
"seat-master" in udev. By default, framebuffer devices will
be marked as such, but depending on local systems, other
devices might be marked as well. This may be used to
integrate graphics cards using closed source drivers (such
as NVidia ones) more nicely into logind. Note however, that
we recommend using the open source NVidia drivers instead,
and no udev rules for the closed-source drivers will be
shipped from us upstream.
Contributions from: Adam Williamson, Alessandro Crismani, Auke
Kok, Colin Walters, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner, David
Herrmann, David Strauss, Dimitrios Apostolou, Eelco Dolstra,
Eric Benoit, Giovanni Campagna, Hannes Reinecke, Henrik
Grindal Bakken, Hermann Gausterer, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marcel Holtmann,
Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Michael Biebl, Michael Terry,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Oleg
Samarin, Pekka Lundstrom, Philip Nilsson, Ramkumar
Ramachandra, Richard Yao, Robert Millan, Sami Kerola, Shawn
Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas Jarosch,
Tollef Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 196:
* udev gained support for loading additional device properties
from an indexed database that is keyed by vendor/product IDs
and similar device identifiers. For the beginning this
"hwdb" is populated with data from the well-known PCI and
USB database, but also includes PNP, ACPI and OID data. In
the longer run this indexed database shall grow into
becoming the one central database for non-essential
userspace device metadata. Previously, data from the PCI/USB
database was only attached to select devices, since the
lookup was a relatively expensive operation due to O(n) time
complexity (with n being the number of entries in the
database). Since this is now O(1), we decided to add in this
data for all devices where this is available, by
default. Note that the indexed database needs to be rebuilt
when new data files are installed. To achieve this you need
to update your packaging scripts to invoke "udevadm hwdb
--update" after installation of hwdb data files. For
RPM-based distributions we introduced the new
%udev_hwdb_update macro for this purpose.
* The Journal gained support for the "Message Catalog", an
indexed database to link up additional information with
journal entries. For further details please check:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog
The indexed message catalog database also needs to be
rebuilt after installation of message catalog files. Use
"journalctl --update-catalog" for this. For RPM-based
distributions we introduced the %journal_catalog_update
macro for this purpose.
* The Python Journal bindings gained support for the standard
Python logging framework.
* The Journal API gained new functions for checking whether
the underlying file system of a journal file is capable of
properly reporting file change notifications, or whether
applications that want to reflect journal changes "live"
need to recheck journal files continuously in appropriate
time intervals.
* It is now possible to set the "age" field for tmpfiles
entries to 0, indicating that files matching this entry
shall always be removed when the directories are cleaned up.
* coredumpctl gained a new "gdb" verb which invokes gdb
right-away on the selected coredump.
* There's now support for "hybrid sleep" on kernels that
support this, in addition to "suspend" and "hibernate". Use
"systemctl hybrid-sleep" to make use of this.
* logind's HandleSuspendKey= setting (and related settings)
now gained support for a new "lock" setting to simply
request the screen lock on all local sessions, instead of
actually executing a suspend or hibernation.
* systemd will now mount the EFI variables file system by
default.
* Socket units now gained support for configuration of the
SMACK security label.
* timedatectl will now output the time of the last and next
daylight saving change.
* We dropped support for various legacy and distro-specific
concepts, such as insserv, early-boot SysV services
(i.e. those for non-standard runlevels such as 'b' or 'S')
or ArchLinux /etc/rc.conf support. We recommend the
distributions who still need support this to either continue
to maintain the necessary patches downstream, or find a
different solution. (Talk to us if you have questions!)
* Various systemd components will now bypass polkit checks for
root and otherwise handle properly if polkit is not found to
be around. This should fix most issues for polkit-less
systems. Quite frankly this should have been this way since
day one. It is absolutely our intention to make systemd work
fine on polkit-less systems, and we consider it a bug if
something does not work as it should if polkit is not around.
* For embedded systems it is now possible to build udev and
systemd without blkid and/or kmod support.
* "systemctl switch-root" is now capable of switching root
more than once. I.e. in addition to transitions from the
initrd to the host OS it is now possible to transition to
further OS images from the host. This is useful to implement
offline updating tools.
* Various other additions have been made to the RPM macros
shipped with systemd. Use %udev_rules_update() after
installing new udev rules files. %_udevhwdbdir,
%_udevrulesdir, %_journalcatalogdir, %_tmpfilesdir,
%_sysctldir are now available which resolve to the right
directories for packages to place various data files in.
* journalctl gained the new --full switch (in addition to
--all, to disable ellipsation for long messages.
Contributions from: Anders Olofsson, Auke Kok, Ben Boeckel,
Colin Walters, Cosimo Cecchi, Daniel Wallace, Dave Reisner,
Eelco Dolstra, Holger Hans Peter Freyther, Kay Sievers,
Chun-Yi Lee, Lekensteyn, Lennart Poettering, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Marti Raudsepp, Martin Pitt, Mauro Dreissig, Michael Biebl,
Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Miklos Vajna, Nis Martensen,
Oleksii Shevchuk, Olivier Brunel, Ramkumar Ramachandra, Thomas
Bächler, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Tony
Camuso, Umut Tezduyar, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 195:
* journalctl gained new --since= and --until= switches to
filter by time. It also now supports nice filtering for
units via --unit=/-u.
* Type=oneshot services may use ExecReload= and do the
right thing.
* The journal daemon now supports time-based rotation and
vacuuming, in addition to the usual disk-space based
rotation.
* The journal will now index the available field values for
each field name. This enables clients to show pretty drop
downs of available match values when filtering. The bash
completion of journalctl has been updated
accordingly. journalctl gained a new switch -F to list all
values a certain field takes in the journal database.
* More service events are now written as structured messages
to the journal, and made recognizable via message IDs.
* The timedated, localed and hostnamed mini-services which
previously only provided support for changing time, locale
and hostname settings from graphical DEs such as GNOME now
also have a minimal (but very useful) text-based client
utility each. This is probably the nicest way to changing
these settings from the command line now, especially since
it lists available options and is fully integrated with bash
completion.
* There's now a new tool "systemd-coredumpctl" to list and
extract coredumps from the journal.
* We now install a README each in /var/log/ and
/etc/rc.d/init.d explaining where the system logs and init
scripts went. This hopefully should help folks who go to
that dirs and look into the otherwise now empty void and
scratch their heads.
* When user-services are invoked (by systemd --user) the
$MANAGERPID env var is set to the PID of systemd.
* SIGRTMIN+24 when sent to a --user instance will now result
in immediate termination of systemd.
* gatewayd received numerous feature additions such as a
"follow" mode, for live syncing and filtering.
* browse.html now allows filtering and showing detailed
information on specific entries. Keyboard navigation and
mouse screen support has been added.
* gatewayd/journalctl now supports HTML5/JSON
Server-Sent-Events as output.
* The SysV init script compatibility logic will now
heuristically determine whether a script supports the
"reload" verb, and only then make this available as
"systemctl reload".
* "systemctl status --follow" has been removed, use "journalctl
-u" instead.
* journald.conf's RuntimeMinSize=, PersistentMinSize= settings
have been removed since they are hardly useful to be
configured.
* And I'd like to take the opportunity to specifically mention
Zbigniew for his great contributions. Zbigniew, you rock!
Contributions from: Andrew Eikum, Christian Hesse, Colin
Guthrie, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner, Eelco Dolstra, Ferenc
Wágner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas
Mikulėnas, Martin Mikkelsen, Martin Pitt, Michael Olbrich,
Michael Stapelberg, Michal Schmidt, Sebastian Ott, Thomas
Bächler, Umut Tezduyar, Will Woods, Wulf C. Krueger, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Сковорода Никита Андреевич
CHANGES WITH 194:
* If /etc/vconsole.conf is non-existent or empty we will no
longer load any console font or key map at boot by
default. Instead the kernel defaults will be left
intact. This is definitely the right thing to do, as no
configuration should mean no configuration, and hard-coding
font names that are different on all archs is probably a bad
idea. Also, the kernel default key map and font should be
good enough for most cases anyway, and mostly identical to
the userspace fonts/key maps we previously overloaded them
with. If distributions want to continue to default to a
non-kernel font or key map they should ship a default
/etc/vconsole.conf with the appropriate contents.
Contributions from: Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave
Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Tollef
Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 193:
* journalctl gained a new --cursor= switch to show entries
starting from the specified location in the journal.
* We now enforce a size limit on journal entry fields exported
with "-o json" in journalctl. Fields larger than 4K will be
assigned null. This can be turned off with --all.
* An (optional) journal gateway daemon is now available as
"systemd-journal-gatewayd.service". This service provides
access to the journal via HTTP and JSON. This functionality
will be used to implement live log synchronization in both
pull and push modes, but has various other users too, such
as easy log access for debugging of embedded devices. Right
now it is already useful to retrieve the journal via HTTP:
# systemctl start systemd-journal-gatewayd.service
# wget http://localhost:19531/entries
This will download the journal contents in a
/var/log/messages compatible format. The same as JSON:
# curl -H"Accept: application/json" http://localhost:19531/entries
This service is also accessible via a web browser where a
single static HTML5 app is served that uses the JSON logic
to enable the user to do some basic browsing of the
journal. This will be extended later on. Here's an example
screenshot of this app in its current state:
http://0pointer.de/public/journal-gatewayd
Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Robert
Milasan, Tom Gundersen
CHANGES WITH 192:
* The bash completion logic is now available for journalctl
too.
* We do not mount the "cpuset" controller anymore together with
"cpu" and "cpuacct", as "cpuset" groups generally cannot be
started if no parameters are assigned to it. "cpuset" hence
broke code that assumed it could create "cpu" groups and
just start them.
* journalctl -f will now subscribe to terminal size changes,
and line break accordingly.
Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykrynm, Mirco Tischler, Václav Pavlín
CHANGES WITH 191:
* nspawn will now create a symlink /etc/localtime in the
container environment, copying the host's timezone
setting. Previously this has been done via a bind mount, but
since symlinks cannot be bind mounted this has now been
changed to create/update the appropriate symlink.
* journalctl -n's line number argument is now optional, and
will default to 10 if omitted.
* journald will now log the maximum size the journal files may
take up on disk. This is particularly useful if the default
built-in logic of determining this parameter from the file
system size is used. Use "systemctl status
systemd-journald.service" to see this information.
* The multi-seat X wrapper tool has been stripped down. As X
is now capable of enumerating graphics devices via udev in a
seat-aware way the wrapper is not strictly necessary
anymore. A stripped down temporary stop-gap is still shipped
until the upstream display managers have been updated to
fully support the new X logic. Expect this wrapper to be
removed entirely in one of the next releases.
* HandleSleepKey= in logind.conf has been split up into
HandleSuspendKey= and HandleHibernateKey=. The old setting
is not available anymore. X11 and the kernel are
distinguishing between these keys and we should too. This
also means the inhibition lock for these keys has been split
into two.
Contributions from: Dave Airlie, Eelco Dolstra, Lennart
Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Václav Pavlín
CHANGES WITH 190:
* Whenever a unit changes state we will now log this to the
journal and show along the unit's own log output in
"systemctl status".
* ConditionPathIsMountPoint= can now properly detect bind
mount points too. (Previously, a bind mount of one file
system to another place in the same file system could not be
detected as mount, since they shared struct stat's st_dev
field.)
* We will now mount the cgroup controllers cpu, cpuacct,
cpuset and the controllers net_cls, net_prio together by
default.
* nspawn containers will now have a virtualized boot
ID. (i.e. /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id is now mounted
over with a randomized ID at container initialization). This
has the effect of making "journalctl -b" do the right thing
in a container.
* The JSON output journal serialization has been updated not
to generate "endless" list objects anymore, but rather one
JSON object per line. This is more in line how most JSON
parsers expect JSON objects. The new output mode
"json-pretty" has been added to provide similar output, but
neatly aligned for readability by humans.
* We dropped all explicit sync() invocations in the shutdown
code. The kernel does this implicitly anyway in the kernel
reboot() syscall. halt(8)'s -n option is now a compatibility
no-op.
* We now support virtualized reboot() in containers, as
supported by newer kernels. We will fall back to exit() if
CAP_SYS_REBOOT is not available to the container. Also,
nspawn makes use of this now and will actually reboot the
container if the containerized OS asks for that.
* journalctl will only show local log output by default
now. Use --merge (-m) to show remote log output, too.
* libsystemd-journal gained the new sd_journal_get_usage()
call to determine the current disk usage of all journal
files. This is exposed in the new "journalctl --disk-usage"
command.
* journald gained a new configuration setting SplitMode= in
journald.conf which may be used to control how user journals
are split off. See journald.conf(5) for details.
* A new condition type ConditionFileNotEmpty= has been added.
* tmpfiles' "w" lines now support file globbing, to write
multiple files at once.
* We added Python bindings for the journal submission
APIs. More Python APIs for a number of selected APIs will
likely follow. Note that we intend to add native bindings
only for the Python language, as we consider it common
enough to deserve bindings shipped within systemd. There are
various projects outside of systemd that provide bindings
for languages such as PHP or Lua.
* Many conditions will now resolve specifiers such as %i. In
addition, PathChanged= and related directives of .path units
now support specifiers as well.
* There's now a new RPM macro definition for the system preset
dir: %_presetdir.
* journald will now warn if it ca not forward a message to the
syslog daemon because its socket is full.
* timedated will no longer write or process /etc/timezone,
except on Debian. As we do not support late mounted /usr
anymore /etc/localtime always being a symlink is now safe,
and hence the information in /etc/timezone is not necessary
anymore.
* logind will now always reserve one VT for a text getty (VT6
by default). Previously if more than 6 X sessions where
started they took up all the VTs with auto-spawned gettys,
so that no text gettys were available anymore.
* udev will now automatically inform the btrfs kernel logic
about btrfs RAID components showing up. This should make
simple hotplug based btrfs RAID assembly work.
* PID 1 will now increase its RLIMIT_NOFILE to 64K by default
(but not for its children which will stay at the kernel
default). This should allow setups with a lot more listening
sockets.
* systemd will now always pass the configured timezone to the
kernel at boot. timedated will do the same when the timezone
is changed.
* logind's inhibition logic has been updated. By default,
logind will now handle the lid switch, the power and sleep
keys all the time, even in graphical sessions. If DEs want
to handle these events on their own they should take the new
handle-power-key, handle-sleep-key and handle-lid-switch
inhibitors during their runtime. A simple way to achieve
that is to invoke the DE wrapped in an invocation of:
systemd-inhibit --what=handle-power-key:handle-sleep-key:handle-lid-switch ...
* Access to unit operations is now checked via SELinux taking
the unit file label and client process label into account.
* systemd will now notify the administrator in the journal
when he over-mounts a non-empty directory.
* There are new specifiers that are resolved in unit files,
for the host name (%H), the machine ID (%m) and the boot ID
(%b).
Contributions from: Allin Cottrell, Auke Kok, Brandon Philips,
Colin Guthrie, Colin Walters, Daniel J Walsh, Dave Reisner,
Eelco Dolstra, Jan Engelhardt, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas,
Martin Pitt, Matthias Clasen, Michael Olbrich, Pierre Schmitz,
Shawn Landden, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen,
Václav Pavlín, Yin Kangkai, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 189:
* Support for reading structured kernel messages from
/dev/kmsg has now been added and is enabled by default.
* Support for reading kernel messages from /proc/kmsg has now
been removed. If you want kernel messages in the journal
make sure to run a recent kernel (>= 3.5) that supports
reading structured messages from /dev/kmsg (see
above). /proc/kmsg is now exclusive property of classic
syslog daemons again.
* The libudev API gained the new
udev_device_new_from_device_id() call.
* The logic for file system namespace (ReadOnlyDirectory=,
ReadWriteDirectoy=, PrivateTmp=) has been reworked not to
require pivot_root() anymore. This means fewer temporary
directories are created below /tmp for this feature.
* nspawn containers will now see and receive all submounts
made on the host OS below the root file system of the
container.
* Forward Secure Sealing is now supported for Journal files,
which provide cryptographical sealing of journal files so
that attackers cannot alter log history anymore without this
being detectable. Lennart will soon post a blog story about
this explaining it in more detail.
* There are two new service settings RestartPreventExitStatus=
and SuccessExitStatus= which allow configuration of exit
status (exit code or signal) which will be excepted from the
restart logic, resp. consider successful.
* journalctl gained the new --verify switch that can be used
to check the integrity of the structure of journal files and
(if Forward Secure Sealing is enabled) the contents of
journal files.
* nspawn containers will now be run with /dev/stdin, /dev/fd/
and similar symlinks pre-created. This makes running shells
as container init process a lot more fun.
* The fstab support can now handle PARTUUID= and PARTLABEL=
entries.
* A new ConditionHost= condition has been added to match
against the hostname (with globs) and machine ID. This is
useful for clusters where a single OS image is used to
provision a large number of hosts which shall run slightly
different sets of services.
* Services which hit the restart limit will now be placed in a
failure state.
Contributions from: Bertram Poettering, Dave Reisner, Huang
Hang, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Martin
Pitt, Simon Peeters, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 188:
* When running in --user mode systemd will now become a
subreaper (PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER). This should make the ps
tree a lot more organized.
* A new PartOf= unit dependency type has been introduced that
may be used to group services in a natural way.
* "systemctl enable" may now be used to enable instances of
services.
* journalctl now prints error log levels in red, and
warning/notice log levels in bright white. It also supports
filtering by log level now.
* cgtop gained a new -n switch (similar to top), to configure
the maximum number of iterations to run for. It also gained
-b, to run in batch mode (accepting no input).
* The suffix ".service" may now be omitted on most systemctl
command lines involving service unit names.
* There's a new bus call in logind to lock all sessions, as
well as a loginctl verb for it "lock-sessions".
* libsystemd-logind.so gained a new call sd_journal_perror()
that works similar to libc perror() but logs to the journal
and encodes structured information about the error number.
* /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-size=
option.
* shutdown(8) now can send a (configurable) wall message when
a shutdown is cancelled.
* The mount propagation mode for the root file system will now
default to "shared", which is useful to make containers work
nicely out-of-the-box so that they receive new mounts from
the host. This can be undone locally by running "mount
--make-rprivate /" if needed.
* The prefdm.service file has been removed. Distributions
should maintain this unit downstream if they intend to keep
it around. However, we recommend writing normal unit files
for display managers instead.
* Since systemd is a crucial part of the OS we will now
default to a number of compiler switches that improve
security (hardening) such as read-only relocations, stack
protection, and suchlike.
* The TimeoutSec= setting for services is now split into
TimeoutStartSec= and TimeoutStopSec= to allow configuration
of individual time outs for the start and the stop phase of
the service.
Contributions from: Artur Zaprzala, Arvydas Sidorenko, Auke
Kok, Bryan Kadzban, Dave Reisner, David Strauss, Harald Hoyer,
Jim Meyering, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Mantas
Mikulėnas, Martin Pitt, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Peter
Alfredsen, Shawn Landden, Simon Peeters, Terence Honles, Tom
Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 187:
* The journal and id128 C APIs are now fully documented as man
pages.
* Extra safety checks have been added when transitioning from
the initial RAM disk to the main system to avoid accidental
data loss.
* /etc/crypttab entries now understand the new keyfile-offset=
option.
* systemctl -t can now be used to filter by unit load state.
* The journal C API gained the new sd_journal_wait() call to
make writing synchronous journal clients easier.
* journalctl gained the new -D switch to show journals from a
specific directory.
* journalctl now displays a special marker between log
messages of two different boots.
* The journal is now explicitly flushed to /var via a service
systemd-journal-flush.service, rather than implicitly simply
by seeing /var/log/journal to be writable.
* journalctl (and the journal C APIs) can now match for much
more complex expressions, with alternatives and
disjunctions.
* When transitioning from the initial RAM disk to the main
system we will now kill all processes in a killing spree to
ensure no processes stay around by accident.
* Three new specifiers may be used in unit files: %u, %h, %s
resolve to the user name, user home directory resp. user
shell. This is useful for running systemd user instances.
* We now automatically rotate journal files if their data
object hash table gets a fill level > 75%. We also size the
hash table based on the configured maximum file size. This
together should lower hash collisions drastically and thus
speed things up a bit.
* journalctl gained the new "--header" switch to introspect
header data of journal files.
* A new setting SystemCallFilters= has been added to services
which may be used to apply blacklists or whitelists to
system calls. This is based on SECCOMP Mode 2 of Linux 3.5.
* nspawn gained a new --link-journal= switch (and quicker: -j)
to link the container journal with the host. This makes it
very easy to centralize log viewing on the host for all
guests while still keeping the journal files separated.
* Many bugfixes and optimizations
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Eelco Dolstra, Harald Hoyer, Kay
Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Paul Menzel, Rex
Tsai, Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen, Ville Skyttä, Zbigniew
Jędrzejewski-Szmek
CHANGES WITH 186:
* Several tools now understand kernel command line arguments,
which are only read when run in an initial RAM disk. They
usually follow closely their normal counterparts, but are
prefixed with rd.
* There's a new tool to analyze the readahead files that are
automatically generated at boot. Use:
/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-readahead analyze /.readahead
* We now provide an early debug shell on tty9 if this enabled. Use:
systemctl enable debug-shell.service
* All plymouth related units have been moved into the Plymouth
package. Please make sure to upgrade your Plymouth version
as well.
* systemd-tmpfiles now supports getting passed the basename of
a configuration file only, in which case it will look for it
in all appropriate directories automatically.
* udevadm info now takes a /dev or /sys path as argument, and
does the right thing. Example:
udevadm info /dev/sda
udevadm info /sys/class/block/sda
* systemctl now prints a warning if a unit is stopped but a
unit that might trigger it continues to run. Example: a
service is stopped but the socket that activates it is left
running.
* "systemctl status" will now mention if the log output was
shortened due to rotation since a service has been started.
* The journal API now exposes functions to determine the
"cutoff" times due to rotation.
* journald now understands SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 for triggering
immediately flushing of runtime logs to /var if possible,
resp. for triggering immediate rotation of the journal
files.
* It is now considered an error if a service is attempted to
be stopped that is not loaded.
* XDG_RUNTIME_DIR now uses numeric UIDs instead of usernames.
* systemd-analyze now supports Python 3
* tmpfiles now supports cleaning up directories via aging
where the first level dirs are always kept around but
directories beneath it automatically aged. This is enabled
by prefixing the age field with '~'.
* Seat objects now expose CanGraphical, CanTTY properties
which is required to deal with very fast bootups where the
display manager might be running before the graphics drivers
completed initialization.
* Seat objects now expose a State property.
* We now include RPM macros for service enabling/disabling
based on the preset logic. We recommend RPM based
distributions to make use of these macros if possible. This
makes it simpler to reuse RPM spec files across
distributions.
* We now make sure that the collected systemd unit name is
always valid when services log to the journal via
STDOUT/STDERR.
* There's a new man page kernel-command-line(7) detailing all
command line options we understand.
* The fstab generator may now be disabled at boot by passing
fstab=0 on the kernel command line.
* A new kernel command line option modules-load= is now understood
to load a specific kernel module statically, early at boot.
* Unit names specified on the systemctl command line are now
automatically escaped as needed. Also, if file system or
device paths are specified they are automatically turned
into the appropriate mount or device unit names. Example:
systemctl status /home
systemctl status /dev/sda
* The SysVConsole= configuration option has been removed from
system.conf parsing.
* The SysV search path is no longer exported on the D-Bus
Manager object.
* The Names= option has been removed from unit file parsing.
* There's a new man page bootup(7) detailing the boot process.
* Every unit and every generator we ship with systemd now
comes with full documentation. The self-explanatory boot is
complete.
* A couple of services gained "systemd-" prefixes in their
name if they wrap systemd code, rather than only external
code. Among them fsck@.service which is now
systemd-fsck@.service.
* The HaveWatchdog property has been removed from the D-Bus
Manager object.
* systemd.confirm_spawn= on the kernel command line should now
work sensibly.
* There's a new man page crypttab(5) which details all options
we actually understand.
* systemd-nspawn gained a new --capability= switch to pass
additional capabilities to the container.
* timedated will now read known NTP implementation unit names
from /usr/lib/systemd/ntp-units.d/*.list,
systemd-timedated-ntp.target has been removed.
* journalctl gained a new switch "-b" that lists log data of
the current boot only.
* The notify socket is in the abstract namespace again, in
order to support daemons which chroot() at start-up.
* There is a new Storage= configuration option for journald
which allows configuration of where log data should go. This
also provides a way to disable journal logging entirely, so
that data collected is only forwarded to the console, the
kernel log buffer or another syslog implementation.
* Many bugfixes and optimizations
Contributions from: Auke Kok, Colin Guthrie, Dave Reisner,
David Strauss, Eelco Dolstra, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering,
Lukas Nykryn, Michal Schmidt, Michal Sekletar, Paul Menzel,
Shawn Landden, Tom Gundersen
CHANGES WITH 185:
* "systemctl help <unit>" now shows the man page if one is
available.
* Several new man pages have been added.
* MaxLevelStore=, MaxLevelSyslog=, MaxLevelKMsg=,
MaxLevelConsole= can now be specified in
journald.conf. These options allow reducing the amount of
data stored on disk or forwarded by the log level.
* TimerSlackNSec= can now be specified in system.conf for
PID1. This allows system-wide power savings.
Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Kay Sievers, Lauri Kasanen,
Lennart Poettering, Malte Starostik, Marc-Antoine Perennou,
Matthias Clasen
CHANGES WITH 184:
* logind is now capable of (optionally) handling power and
sleep keys as well as the lid switch.
* journalctl now understands the syntax "journalctl
/usr/bin/avahi-daemon" to get all log output of a specific
daemon.
* CapabilityBoundingSet= in system.conf now also influences
the capability bound set of usermode helpers of the kernel.
Contributions from: Daniel Drake, Daniel J. Walsh, Gert
Michael Kulyk, Harald Hoyer, Jean Delvare, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Matthew Garrett, Matthias Clasen, Paul
Menzel, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Tom Gundersen
CHANGES WITH 183:
* Note that we skipped 139 releases here in order to set the
new version to something that is greater than both udev's
and systemd's most recent version number.
* udev: all udev sources are merged into the systemd source tree now.
All future udev development will happen in the systemd tree. It
is still fully supported to use the udev daemon and tools without
systemd running, like in initramfs or other init systems. Building
udev though, will require the *build* of the systemd tree, but
udev can be properly *run* without systemd.
* udev: /lib/udev/devices/ are not read anymore; systemd-tmpfiles
should be used to create dead device nodes as workarounds for broken
subsystems.
* udev: RUN+="socket:..." and udev_monitor_new_from_socket() is
no longer supported. udev_monitor_new_from_netlink() needs to be
used to subscribe to events.
* udev: when udevd is started by systemd, processes which are left
behind by forking them off of udev rules, are unconditionally cleaned
up and killed now after the event handling has finished. Services or
daemons must be started as systemd services. Services can be
pulled-in by udev to get started, but they can no longer be directly
forked by udev rules.
* udev: the daemon binary is called systemd-udevd now and installed
in /usr/lib/systemd/. Standalone builds or non-systemd systems need
to adapt to that, create symlink, or rename the binary after building
it.
* libudev no longer provides these symbols:
udev_monitor_from_socket()
udev_queue_get_failed_list_entry()
udev_get_{dev,sys,run}_path()
The versions number was bumped and symbol versioning introduced.
* systemd-loginctl and systemd-journalctl have been renamed
to loginctl and journalctl to match systemctl.
* The config files: /etc/systemd/systemd-logind.conf and
/etc/systemd/systemd-journald.conf have been renamed to
logind.conf and journald.conf. Package updates should rename
the files to the new names on upgrade.
* For almost all files the license is now LGPL2.1+, changed
from the previous GPL2.0+. Exceptions are some minor stuff
of udev (which will be changed to LGPL2.1 eventually, too),
and the MIT licensed sd-daemon.[ch] library that is suitable
to be used as drop-in files.
* systemd and logind now handle system sleep states, in
particular suspending and hibernating.
* logind now implements a sleep/shutdown/idle inhibiting logic
suitable for a variety of uses. Soonishly Lennart will blog
about this in more detail.
* var-run.mount and var-lock.mount are no longer provided
(which previously bind mounted these directories to their new
places). Distributions which have not converted these
directories to symlinks should consider stealing these files
from git history and add them downstream.
* We introduced the Documentation= field for units and added
this to all our shipped units. This is useful to make it
easier to explore the boot and the purpose of the various
units.
* All smaller setup units (such as
systemd-vconsole-setup.service) now detect properly if they
are run in a container and are skipped when
appropriate. This guarantees an entirely noise-free boot in
Linux container environments such as systemd-nspawn.
* A framework for implementing offline system updates is now
integrated, for details see:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates
* A new service type Type=idle is available now which helps us
avoiding ugly interleaving of getty output and boot status
messages.
* There's now a system-wide CapabilityBoundingSet= option to
globally reduce the set of capabilities for the
system. This is useful to drop CAP_SYS_MKNOD, CAP_SYS_RAWIO,
CAP_NET_RAW, CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_TIME, CAP_SYS_PTRACE or
even CAP_NET_ADMIN system-wide for secure systems.
* There are now system-wide DefaultLimitXXX= options to
globally change the defaults of the various resource limits
for all units started by PID 1.
* Harald Hoyer's systemd test suite has been integrated into
systemd which allows easy testing of systemd builds in qemu
and nspawn. (This is really awesome! Ask us for details!)
* The fstab parser is now implemented as generator, not inside
of PID 1 anymore.
* systemctl will now warn you if .mount units generated from
/etc/fstab are out of date due to changes in fstab that
have not been read by systemd yet.
* systemd is now suitable for usage in initrds. Dracut has
already been updated to make use of this. With this in place
initrds get a slight bit faster but primarily are much
easier to introspect and debug since "systemctl status" in
the host system can be used to introspect initrd services,
and the journal from the initrd is kept around too.
* systemd-delta has been added, a tool to explore differences
between user/admin configuration and vendor defaults.
* PrivateTmp= now affects both /tmp and /var/tmp.
* Boot time status messages are now much prettier and feature
proper english language. Booting up systemd has never been
so sexy.
* Read-ahead pack files now include the inode number of all
files to pre-cache. When the inode changes the pre-caching
is not attempted. This should be nicer to deal with updated
packages which might result in changes of read-ahead
patterns.
* We now temporaritly lower the kernel's read_ahead_kb variable
when collecting read-ahead data to ensure the kernel's
built-in read-ahead does not add noise to our measurements
of necessary blocks to pre-cache.
* There's now RequiresMountsFor= to add automatic dependencies
for all mounts necessary for a specific file system path.
* MountAuto= and SwapAuto= have been removed from
system.conf. Mounting file systems at boot has to take place
in systemd now.
* nspawn now learned a new switch --uuid= to set the machine
ID on the command line.
* nspawn now learned the -b switch to automatically search
for an init system.
* vt102 is now the default TERM for serial TTYs, upgraded from
vt100.
* systemd-logind now works on VT-less systems.
* The build tree has been reorganized. The individual
components now have directories of their own.
* A new condition type ConditionPathIsReadWrite= is now available.
* nspawn learned the new -C switch to create cgroups for the
container in other hierarchies.
* We now have support for hardware watchdogs, configurable in
system.conf.
* The scheduled shutdown logic now has a public API.
* We now mount /tmp as tmpfs by default, but this can be
masked and /etc/fstab can override it.
* Since udisks does not make use of /media anymore we are not
mounting a tmpfs on it anymore.
* journalctl gained a new --local switch to only interleave
locally generated journal files.
* We can now load the IMA policy at boot automatically.
* The GTK tools have been split off into a systemd-ui.
Contributions from: Andreas Schwab, Auke Kok, Ayan George,
Colin Guthrie, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Ward, Elan
Ruusamäe, Frederic Crozat, Gergely Nagy, Guillermo Vidal,
Hannes Reinecke, Harald Hoyer, Javier Jardón, Kay Sievers,
Lennart Poettering, Lucas De Marchi, Léo Gillot-Lamure,
Marc-Antoine Perennou, Martin Pitt, Matthew Monaco, Maxim
A. Mikityanskiy, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal
Schmidt, Nis Martensen, Patrick McCarty, Roberto Sassu, Shawn
Landden, Sjoerd Simons, Sven Anders, Tollef Fog Heen, Tom
Gundersen
CHANGES WITH 44:
* This is mostly a bugfix release
* Support optional initialization of the machine ID from the
KVM or container configured UUID.
* Support immediate reboots with "systemctl reboot -ff"
* Show /etc/os-release data in systemd-analyze output
* Many bugfixes for the journal, including endianness fixes and
ensuring that disk space enforcement works
* sd-login.h is C++ compatible again
* Extend the /etc/os-release format on request of the Debian
folks
* We now refuse non-UTF8 strings used in various configuration
and unit files. This is done to ensure we do not pass invalid
data over D-Bus or expose it elsewhere.
* Register Mimo USB Screens as suitable for automatic seat
configuration
* Read SELinux client context from journal clients in a race
free fashion
* Reorder configuration file lookup order. /etc now always
overrides /run in order to allow the administrator to always
and unconditionally override vendor-supplied or
automatically generated data.
* The various user visible bits of the journal now have man
pages. We still lack man pages for the journal API calls
however.
* We now ship all man pages in HTML format again in the
tarball.
Contributions from: Dave Reisner, Dirk Eibach, Frederic
Crozat, Harald Hoyer, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Marti
Raudsepp, Michal Schmidt, Shawn Landden, Tero Roponen, Thierry
Reding
CHANGES WITH 43:
* This is mostly a bugfix release
* systems lacking /etc/os-release are no longer supported.
* Various functionality updates to libsystemd-login.so
* Track class of PAM logins to distinguish greeters from
normal user logins.
Contributions from: Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael
Biebl
CHANGES WITH 42:
* This is an important bugfix release for v41.
* Building man pages is now optional which should be useful
for those building systemd from git but unwilling to install
xsltproc.
* Watchdog support for supervising services is now usable. In
a future release support for hardware watchdogs
(i.e. /dev/watchdog) will be added building on this.
* Service start rate limiting is now configurable and can be
turned off per service. When a start rate limit is hit a
reboot can automatically be triggered.
* New CanReboot(), CanPowerOff() bus calls in systemd-logind.
Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Bill Nottingham,
Frederic Crozat, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal
Schmidt, Michał Górny, Piotr Drąg
CHANGES WITH 41:
* The systemd binary is installed /usr/lib/systemd/systemd now;
An existing /sbin/init symlink needs to be adapted with the
package update.
* The code that loads kernel modules has been ported to invoke
libkmod directly, instead of modprobe. This means we do not
support systems with module-init-tools anymore.
* Watchdog support is now already useful, but still not
complete.
* A new kernel command line option systemd.setenv= is
understood to set system wide environment variables
dynamically at boot.
* We now limit the set of capabilities of systemd-journald.
* We now set SIGPIPE to ignore by default, since it only is
useful in shell pipelines, and has little use in general
code. This can be disabled with IgnoreSIPIPE=no in unit
files.
Contributions from: Benjamin Franzke, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt, Tom Gundersen,
William Douglas
CHANGES WITH 40:
* This is mostly a bugfix release
* We now expose the reason why a service failed in the
"Result" D-Bus property.
* Rudimentary service watchdog support (will be completed over
the next few releases.)
* When systemd forks off in order execute some service we will
now immediately changes its argv[0] to reflect which process
it will execute. This is useful to minimize the time window
with a generic argv[0], which makes bootcharts more useful
Contributions from: Alvaro Soliverez, Chris Paulson-Ellis, Kay
Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Olbrich, Michal Schmidt,
Mike Kazantsev, Ray Strode
CHANGES WITH 39:
* This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many
bugfixes.
* New systemd-cgtop tool to show control groups by their
resource usage.
* Linking against libacl for ACLs is optional again. If
disabled, support tracking device access for active logins
goes becomes unavailable, and so does access to the user
journals by the respective users.
* If a group "adm" exists, journal files are automatically
owned by them, thus allow members of this group full access
to the system journal as well as all user journals.
* The journal now stores the SELinux context of the logging
client for all entries.
* Add C++ inclusion guards to all public headers
* New output mode "cat" in the journal to print only text
messages, without any meta data like date or time.
* Include tiny X server wrapper as a temporary stop-gap to
teach XOrg udev display enumeration. This is used by display
managers such as gdm, and will go away as soon as XOrg
learned native udev hotplugging for display devices.
* Add new systemd-cat tool for executing arbitrary programs
with STDERR/STDOUT connected to the journal. Can also act as
BSD logger replacement, and does so by default.
* Optionally store all locally generated coredumps in the
journal along with meta data.
* systemd-tmpfiles learnt four new commands: n, L, c, b, for
writing short strings to files (for usage for /sys), and for
creating symlinks, character and block device nodes.
* New unit file option ControlGroupPersistent= to make cgroups
persistent, following the mechanisms outlined in
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PaxControlGroups
* Support multiple local RTCs in a sane way
* No longer monopolize IO when replaying readahead data on
rotating disks, since we might starve non-file-system IO to
death, since fanotify() will not see accesses done by blkid,
or fsck.
* Do not show kernel threads in systemd-cgls anymore, unless
requested with new -k switch.
Contributions from: Dan Horák, Kay Sievers, Lennart
Poettering, Michal Schmidt
CHANGES WITH 38:
* This is mostly a test release, but incorporates many
bugfixes.
* The git repository moved to:
git://anongit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd
ssh://git.freedesktop.org/git/systemd/systemd
* First release with the journal
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-journal.html
* The journal replaces both systemd-kmsg-syslogd and
systemd-stdout-bridge.
* New sd_pid_get_unit() API call in libsystemd-logind
* Many systemadm clean-ups
* Introduce remote-fs-pre.target which is ordered before all
remote mounts and may be used to start services before all
remote mounts.
* Added Mageia support
* Add bash completion for systemd-loginctl
* Actively monitor PID file creation for daemons which exit in
the parent process before having finished writing the PID
file in the daemon process. Daemons which do this need to be
fixed (i.e. PID file creation must have finished before the
parent exits), but we now react a bit more gracefully to them.
* Add colourful boot output, mimicking the well-known output
of existing distributions.
* New option PassCredentials= for socket units, for
compatibility with a recent kernel ABI breakage.
* /etc/rc.local is now hooked in via a generator binary, and
thus will no longer act as synchronization point during
boot.
* systemctl list-unit-files now supports --root=.
* systemd-tmpfiles now understands two new commands: z, Z for
relabelling files according to the SELinux database. This is
useful to apply SELinux labels to specific files in /sys,
among other things.
* Output of SysV services is now forwarded to both the console
and the journal by default, not only just the console.
* New man pages for all APIs from libsystemd-login.
* The build tree got reorganized and the build system is a
lot more modular allowing embedded setups to specifically
select the components of systemd they are interested in.
* Support for Linux systems lacking the kernel VT subsystem is
restored.
* configure's --with-rootdir= got renamed to
--with-rootprefix= to follow the naming used by udev and
kmod
* Unless specified otherwise we will now install to /usr instead
of /usr/local by default.
* Processes with '@' in argv[0][0] are now excluded from the
final shut-down killing spree, following the logic explained
in:
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons
* All processes remaining in a service cgroup when we enter
the START or START_PRE states are now killed with
SIGKILL. That means it is no longer possible to spawn
background processes from ExecStart= lines (which was never
supported anyway, and bad style).
* New PropagateReloadTo=/PropagateReloadFrom= options to bind
reloading of units together.
Contributions from: Bill Nottingham, Daniel J. Walsh, Dave
Reisner, Dexter Morgan, Gregs Gregs, Jonathan Nieder, Kay
Sievers, Lennart Poettering, Michael Biebl, Michal Schmidt,
Michał Górny, Ran Benita, Thomas Jarosch, Tim Waugh, Tollef
Fog Heen, Tom Gundersen, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek