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| Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering |
| |
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| |
| <refentry id="systemd.special"> |
| |
| <refentryinfo> |
| <title>systemd.special</title> |
| <productname>systemd</productname> |
| |
| <authorgroup> |
| <author> |
| <contrib>Developer</contrib> |
| <firstname>Lennart</firstname> |
| <surname>Poettering</surname> |
| <email>lennart@poettering.net</email> |
| </author> |
| </authorgroup> |
| </refentryinfo> |
| |
| <refmeta> |
| <refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle> |
| <manvolnum>7</manvolnum> |
| </refmeta> |
| |
| <refnamediv> |
| <refname>systemd.special</refname> |
| <refpurpose>Special systemd units</refpurpose> |
| </refnamediv> |
| |
| <refsynopsisdiv> |
| <para><filename>basic.target</filename>, |
| <filename>bluetooth.target</filename>, |
| <filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename>, |
| <filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>, |
| <filename>dbus.service</filename>, |
| <filename>dbus.socket</filename>, |
| <filename>default.target</filename>, |
| <filename>display-manager.service</filename>, |
| <filename>emergency.target</filename>, |
| <filename>exit.target</filename>, |
| <filename>final.target</filename>, |
| <filename>getty.target</filename>, |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>, |
| <filename>hibernate.target</filename>, |
| <filename>http-daemon.target</filename>, |
| <filename>halt.target</filename>, |
| <filename>kbrequest.target</filename>, |
| <filename>kexec.target</filename>, |
| <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, |
| <filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename>, |
| <filename>mail-transfer-agent.target</filename>, |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename>, |
| <filename>network.target</filename>, |
| <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename>, |
| <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename>, |
| <filename>poweroff.target</filename>, |
| <filename>printer.target</filename>, |
| <filename>reboot.target</filename>, |
| <filename>remote-fs.target</filename>, |
| <filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename>, |
| <filename>rescue.target</filename>, |
| <filename>rpcbind.target</filename>, |
| <filename>runlevel2.target</filename>, |
| <filename>runlevel3.target</filename>, |
| <filename>runlevel4.target</filename>, |
| <filename>runlevel5.target</filename>, |
| <filename>shutdown.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sigpwr.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sleep.target</filename>, |
| <filename>smartcard.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sockets.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sound.target</filename>, |
| <filename>suspend.target</filename>, |
| <filename>swap.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sysinit.target</filename>, |
| <filename>syslog.socket</filename>, |
| <filename>syslog.target</filename>, |
| <filename>system-update.target</filename>, |
| <filename>time-sync.target</filename>, |
| <filename>umount.target</filename></para> |
| </refsynopsisdiv> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Description</title> |
| |
| <para>A few units are treated specially by |
| systemd. They have special internal semantics and |
| cannot be renamed.</para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Special System Units</title> |
| |
| <variablelist> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>basic.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| covering early boot-up.</para> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of the types |
| Requires and After for this |
| target unit to all SysV |
| service units configured for |
| runlevel 1 to 5.</para> |
| <para>Usually this should pull-in |
| all sockets, mount points, |
| swap devices and other basic |
| initialization necessary for |
| the general purpose |
| daemons. Most normal daemons |
| should have dependencies of |
| type After and Requires on |
| this unit.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>bluetooth.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target is started |
| automatically as soon as a |
| bluetooth controller is |
| plugged in or becomes |
| available at boot.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd starts this |
| target whenever |
| Control+Alt+Del is pressed on |
| the console. Usually this |
| should be aliased (symlinked) |
| to |
| <filename>reboot.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>cryptsetup.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A target that pulls in |
| setup services for all |
| encrypted block |
| devices.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>dbus.service</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special unit for the |
| D-Bus system bus. As soon as |
| this service is fully started |
| up systemd will connect to it |
| and register its |
| service.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>dbus.socket</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special unit for the |
| D-Bus system bus socket. All |
| units with |
| <literal>Type=dbus</literal> |
| automatically gain a |
| dependency on this |
| unit.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>default.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>The default unit systemd |
| starts at bootup. Usually this |
| should be aliased (symlinked) |
| to |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename> |
| or |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para> |
| <para>The default unit systemd |
| starts at bootup can be |
| overridden with the |
| <varname>systemd.unit=</varname> |
| kernel command line option.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>display-manager.service</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>The display manager |
| service. Usually this should |
| be aliased (symlinked) to |
| <filename>gdm.service</filename> |
| or a similar display manager |
| service.</para> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with a LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$x-display-manager</literal> |
| facility, for compatibility |
| with Debian.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>emergency.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that starts an emergency |
| shell on the main |
| console. This unit is supposed |
| to be used with the kernel |
| command line option |
| <varname>systemd.unit=</varname> |
| and has otherwise little use. |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>final.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that is used during the |
| shutdown logic and may be used |
| to pull in late services after |
| all normal services are |
| already terminated and all |
| mounts unmounted. |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>getty.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that pulls in all local TTY |
| <filename>getty</filename> instances. |
| </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>graphical.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for setting up a graphical |
| login screen. This pulls in |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para> |
| |
| <para>Units that are needed |
| for graphical login shall add |
| Wants dependencies for their |
| unit to this unit (or |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename>) |
| during installation.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>hibernate.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for hibernating the |
| system. This pulls in |
| <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>http-daemon.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A target for pulling in |
| an HTTP server if there is |
| any.</para> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with a LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$httpd</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>halt.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for shutting down and halting the system.</para> |
| |
| <para>Applications wanting to |
| halt the system should start |
| this unit.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>kbrequest.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd starts this |
| target whenever Alt+ArrowUp is |
| pressed on the console. This |
| is a good candidate to be |
| aliased (symlinked) to |
| <filename>rescue.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>kexec.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for shutting down and rebooting the system via kexec.</para> |
| |
| <para>Applications wanting to |
| reboot the system with kexec should start |
| this unit.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>local-fs.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After to all mount units that |
| refer to local mount points |
| for this target unit. In |
| addition, systemd adds |
| dependencies of type Wants to |
| this target unit for those |
| mounts listed in |
| <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> |
| that have the |
| <option>auto</option> and |
| <option>comment=systemd.mount</option> |
| mount options set.</para> |
| |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$local_fs</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>local-fs-pre.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target unit is |
| automatically ordered before |
| all local mount points marked |
| with <option>auto</option> |
| (see above). It can be used to |
| execute certain units before |
| all local mounts.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>mail-transfer-agent.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>The mail transfer agent |
| (MTA) service. Usually this |
| should pull-in all units |
| necessary for |
| sending/receiving mails on the |
| local host.</para> |
| |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$mail-transfer-agent</literal> |
| or |
| <literal>$mail-transport-agent</literal> |
| facilities, for compatibility |
| with Debian.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>multi-user.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for setting up a multi-user |
| system (non-graphical). This |
| is pulled in by |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para> |
| |
| <para>Units that are needed |
| for a multi-user system shall |
| add Wants dependencies to |
| this unit for their unit during |
| installation.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>network.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$network</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>nss-lookup.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A target that should be |
| used as synchronization point |
| for all host/network name |
| service lookups. Note that |
| this is independent of |
| user/group name lookups for |
| which |
| <filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename> |
| should be used. systemd |
| automatically adds |
| dependencies of type After for |
| this target unit to all SysV |
| init script service units with |
| an LSB header referring to the |
| <literal>$named</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>nss-user-lookup.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A target that should be |
| used as synchronization point |
| for all user/group name |
| service lookups. Note that |
| this is independent of |
| host/network name lookups for |
| which |
| <filename>nss-lookup.target</filename> |
| should be used. </para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>poweroff.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for shutting down and powering off the system.</para> |
| |
| <para>Applications wanting to |
| power off the system should start |
| this unit.</para> |
| |
| <para><filename>runlevel0.target</filename> |
| is an alias for this target |
| unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>printer.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target is started |
| automatically as soon as a |
| printer is plugged in or |
| becomes available at |
| boot.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>reboot.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for shutting down and rebooting the system.</para> |
| |
| <para>Applications wanting to |
| reboot the system should start |
| this unit.</para> |
| |
| <para><filename>runlevel6.target</filename> |
| is an alias for this target |
| unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>remote-fs.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>Similar to |
| <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, |
| but for remote mount |
| points.</para> |
| |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$remote_fs</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target unit is |
| automatically ordered before |
| all remote mount points marked |
| with <option>auto</option> |
| (see above). It can be used to |
| execute certain units before |
| all remote mounts.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>rescue.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for setting up the base system |
| and a rescue shell.</para> |
| |
| <para><filename>runlevel1.target</filename> |
| is an alias for this target |
| unit, for compatibility with SysV.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>rpcbind.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$rpcbind</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>runlevel2.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This is a target that is |
| called whenever the SysV |
| compatibility code asks for |
| runlevel 2. It is a good idea |
| to make this an alias for |
| (i.e. symlink to) |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>runlevel3.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This is a target that is |
| called whenever the SysV |
| compatibility code asks for |
| runlevel 3. It is a good idea |
| to make this an alias for |
| (i.e. symlink to) |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename> |
| or |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>runlevel4.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This is a target that is |
| called whenever the SysV |
| compatibility code asks for |
| runlevel 4. It is a good idea |
| to make this an alias for |
| (i.e. symlink to) |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename> |
| or |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>runlevel5.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This is a target that is |
| called whenever the SysV |
| compatibility code asks for |
| runlevel 5. It is a good idea |
| to make this an alias for |
| (i.e. symlink to) |
| <filename>multi-user.target</filename> |
| or |
| <filename>graphical.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>shutdown.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that terminates the services |
| on system shutdown.</para> |
| |
| <para>Services that shall be |
| terminated on system shutdown |
| shall add Conflicts |
| dependencies to this unit for |
| their service unit, which is |
| implicitly done when |
| <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname> |
| is set (the default).</para> |
| |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| Conflicts to this target unit |
| for all SysV init script |
| service units that shall be |
| terminated in SysV runlevels 0 |
| or 6.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>sigpwr.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target that is |
| started when systemd receives |
| the SIGPWR process signal, |
| which is normally sent by the |
| kernel or UPS daemons when |
| power fails.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>sleep.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that is pulled in by |
| <filename>suspend.target</filename> |
| and |
| <filename>hibernate.target</filename> |
| and may be used to hook units |
| into the sleep state |
| logic.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>smartcard.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target is started |
| automatically as soon as a |
| smartcard controller is |
| plugged in or becomes |
| available at boot.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>sockets.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that sets up all service |
| sockets.</para> |
| |
| <para>Services that can be |
| socket-activated shall add |
| Wants dependencies to this |
| unit for their socket unit |
| during installation.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>sound.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>This target is started |
| automatically as soon as a |
| sound card is plugged in or |
| becomes available at |
| boot.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>suspend.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| for suspending the |
| system. This pulls in |
| <filename>sleep.target</filename>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>swap.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>Similar to |
| <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, but for swap |
| partitions and swap |
| files.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>sysinit.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| covering early boot-up scripts.</para> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of the types |
| Wants and After for all |
| SysV service units configured |
| for runlevels that are not 0 |
| to 6 to this target unit. |
| This covers the special |
| boot-up runlevels some |
| distributions have, such as S |
| or b.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>syslog.socket</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>The socket unit where |
| syslog implementations should |
| listen on. All userspace log |
| messages will be made |
| available on this socket. For |
| more information about syslog |
| integration, please consult |
| the <ulink |
| url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/syslog">Syslog |
| Interface</ulink> |
| document.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>syslog.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$syslog</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>system-update.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that is used for off-line |
| system updates. |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system-update-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| will redirect the boot process |
| to this target if |
| <filename>/system-update</filename> |
| exists. For more information |
| see the <ulink |
| url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/SystemUpdates">System |
| Updates |
| Specification</ulink>.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>time-sync.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>systemd automatically |
| adds dependencies of type |
| After for this target unit to |
| all SysV init script service |
| units with an LSB header |
| referring to the |
| <literal>$time</literal> |
| facility.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>umount.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special target unit |
| that umounts all mount and |
| automount points on system |
| shutdown.</para> |
| |
| <para>Mounts that shall be |
| unmounted on system shutdown |
| shall add Conflicts |
| dependencies to this unit for |
| their mount unit, which is |
| implicitly done when |
| <varname>DefaultDependencies=yes</varname> |
| is set (the default).</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| |
| </variablelist> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>Special User Units</title> |
| |
| <para>When systemd runs as a user instance, the |
| following special units are available, which have |
| similar definitions as their system counterparts: |
| <filename>default.target</filename>, |
| <filename>shutdown.target</filename>, |
| <filename>sockets.target</filename></para> |
| |
| <para>In addition the following special unit is |
| understood only when systemd runs as service instance:</para> |
| |
| <variablelist> |
| <varlistentry> |
| <term><filename>exit.target</filename></term> |
| <listitem> |
| <para>A special service unit |
| for shutting down the |
| user service manager.</para> |
| |
| <para>Applications wanting to |
| terminate the user service |
| manager should start this |
| unit. If systemd receives |
| SIGTERM or SIGINT when running |
| as user service daemon it will |
| start this unit.</para> |
| |
| <para>Normally, this pulls in |
| <filename>shutdown.target</filename> |
| which in turn should be |
| conflicted by all units that |
| want to be shut down on |
| user service manager exit.</para> |
| </listitem> |
| </varlistentry> |
| </variablelist> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| <refsect1> |
| <title>See Also</title> |
| <para> |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, |
| <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> |
| </para> |
| </refsect1> |
| |
| </refentry> |