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To: Users
From: Bob Supnik
Subj: PDP-11 Simulator Usage
Date: 15-Jul-2003
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
The following copyright notice applies to both the SIMH source and binary:
Original code published in 1993-2003, written by Robert M Supnik
Copyright (c) 1993-2003, Robert M Supnik
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not
be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.
This memorandum documents the PDP-11 simulator.
1. Simulator Files
sim/ sim_defs.h
sim_ether.h
sim_rev.h
sim_sock.h
sim_tape.h
sim_tmxr.h
scp.c
scp_tty.c
sim_ether.c
sim_sock.c
sim_tape.c
sim_tmxr.c
sim/pdp11/ pdp11_defs.h
pdp11_mscp.h
pdp11_uqssp.h
pdp11_xq.h
pdp11_xq_bootrom.h
pdp11_cpu.c
pdp11_dz.c
pdp11_fp.c
pdp11_hk.c
pdp11_io.c
pdp11_lp.c
pdp11_pclk.c
pdp11_pt.c
pdp11_rk.c
pdp11_rl.c
pdp11_rp.c
pdp11_rq.c
pdp11_tq.c
pdp11_rx.c
pdp11_ry.c
pdp11_stddev.c
pdp11_sys.c
pdp11_tc.c
pdp11_tm.c
pdp11_ts.c
pdp11_xq.c
pdp11_xu.c
2. PDP-11 Features
The PDP-11 simulator is configured as follows:
device simulates
name(s)
CPU J-11 CPU with 256KB of memory
- FP11 floating point unit (FPA)
- CIS11 commercial instruction set (CIS, off by default)
PTR,PTP PC11 paper tape reader/punch
TTI,TTO DL11 console terminal
LPT LP11 line printer
CLK line frequency clock
PCLK KW11P programmable clock
DZ DZ11 8-line terminal multiplexor (up to 4)
RK RK11/RK05 cartridge disk controller with eight drives
HK RK611/RK06(7) cartridge disk controller with eight drives
RL RLV12/RL01(2) cartridge disk controller with four drives
RP RM02/03/05/80, RP04/05/06/07 Massbus style controller
with eight drives
RQ RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQB second RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQC third RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQD fourth RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RX RX11/RX01 floppy disk controller with two drives
RY RX211/RX01 floppy disk controller with two drives
TC TC11/TU56 DECtape controller with eight drives
TM TM11/TU10 magnetic tape controller with eight drives
TS TS11/TSV05 magnetic tape controller with one drive
TQ TQK50 TMSCP magnetic tape controller with four drives
XQ DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet controller
XQB second DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet controller
XU DEUNA/DELUA Unibus Ethernet controller
The DZ, RK, HK, RL, RP, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD, RX, RY, TC, TM, TS, TQ, XQ, XQB,
and XU devices can be set DISABLED. RQB, RQC, RQD, RY, TS, XQB, and XU are
disabled by default.
The PDP-11 simulator implements several unique stop conditions:
- abort during exception vector fetch, and register STOP_VEC is set
- abort during exception stack push, and register STOP_SPA is set
- trap condition 'n' occurs, and register STOP_TRAP<n> is set
- wait state entered, and no I/O operations outstanding
(ie, no interrupt can ever occur)
The PDP-11 loader supports standard binary format tapes. The DUMP command
is not implemented.
2.1 CPU
The CPU options include CPU mapping configuration (18b Unibus, 22b Unibus
with RH70-style controllers, 22b Unibus with RH11 style controllers, and
22b Qbus), the CIS instruction set, and the size of main memory.
SET CPU 18B 18b addressing, no I/O map
SET CPU URH11 22b addresssing, Unibus I/O map,
18b mapped RH11 controller
SET CPU URH70 22b addressing, Unibus I/O map,
22b unmapped RH70 controller
SET CPU 22B 22b addressing, no I/O map (Qbus)
SET CPU NOCIS disable CIS instructions (default)
SET CPU CIS enable CIS instructions
SET CPU 16K set memory size = 16KB
SET CPU 32K set memory size = 32KB
SET CPU 48K set memory size = 48KB
SET CPU 64K set memory size = 64KB
SET CPU 96K set memory size = 96KB
SET CPU 128K set memory size = 128KB
SET CPU 192K set memory size = 192KB
SET CPU 256K set memory size = 256KB
SET CPU 384K set memory size = 384KB
SET CPU 512K set memory size = 512KB
SET CPU 768K set memory size = 768KB
SET CPU 1024K (or 1M) set memory size = 1024KB
SET CPU 2048K (or 2M) set memory size = 2048KB
SET CPU 3072K (or 3M) set memory size = 3072KB
SET CPU 4096K (or 4M) set memory size = 4096KB
The CPU implements a show command to display the I/O address space map:
SHOW CPU IOSPACE show I/O space address map
If memory size is being reduced, and the memory being truncated contains
non-zero data, the simulator asks for confirmation. Data in the truncated
portion of memory is lost. Initial memory size is 256KB. If memory size
is being increased to more than 256KB, or the bus structue is being changed,
the simulator asks whether it should disable peripherals that can't run
in the current bus structure.
DMA peripherals function differently, depending on whether the CPU is
configured for 18B, URH11, URH70, or 22B addressing and I/O:
peripheral 18B URH11 URH70 22B
RK 18b 18b 18b won't work, disabled
HK 18b 18b 18b SC02/C 22b, works
only with Ultrix-11
RL 18b 18b 18b 22b RLV12
RP 18b 18b 22b 22b third party
RQ 18b 18b 18b 22b RQDX3
RY 18b 18b 18b won't work, disabled
TC 18b 18b 18b won't work, disabled
TM 18b 18b 18b won't work, disabled
TS 18b 18b 18b 22b TSV05
TQ 18b 18b 18b 22b TQK50
XQ 18b won't work, 22b DELQA
disabled
XU 18b 18b 18b won't work, disabled
Non-DMA peripherals work the same in all configurations. Unibus-only
peripherals should be disabled in a Qbus (22B) configuration with more
than 256KB of memory, and Qbus-only peripherals should be disabled in
a Unibus (URH11 or URH70) configuration with more than 256KB of memory.
These switches are recognized when examining or depositing in CPU memory:
-v interpret address as virtual
-d if mem mgt enabled, force data space
-k if mem mgt enabled, force kernel mode
-s if mem mgt enabled, force supervisor mode
-u if mem mgt enabled, force user mode
-p if mem mgt enabled, force previous mode
CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the
control registers for the interrupt system.
name size comments
PC 16 program counter
R0..R5 16 R0..R5, current register set
SP 16 stack pointer, current mode
R00..R05 16 R0..R5, register set 0
R10..R15 16 R0..R5, register set 1
KSP 16 kernel stack pointer
SSP 16 supervisor stack pointer
USP 16 user stack pointer
PSW 16 processor status word
CM 2 current mode, PSW<15:14>
PM 2 previous mode, PSW<13:12>
RS 2 register set, PSW<11>
IPL 3 interrupt priority level, PSW<7:5>
T 1 trace bit, PSW<4>
N 1 negative flag, PSW<3>
Z 1 zero flag, PSW<2>
V 1 overflow flag, PSW<1>
C 1 carry flag, PSW<0>
SR 16 front panel switches
DR 16 front panel display
MEMERR 16 memory error register
CCR 16 cache control register
MAINT 16 maintenance register
HITMISS 16 hit/miss register
CPUERR 16 CPU error register
PIRQ 16 programmed interrupt requests
FAC0H..FAC5H 32 FAC0..FAC5, high 32 bits
FAC0L..FAC5L 32 FAC0..FAC5, low 32 bits
FPS 16 floating point status
FEA 16 floating exception address
FEC 4 floating exception code
MMR0..3 16 memory management registers 0..3
{K/S/U}{I/D}{PAR/PDR}{0..7}
16 memory management registers
UBMAP[0:63] 16 Unibus map registers
INT 32 interrupt pending flags
TRAP 18 trap pending flags
WAIT 0 wait state flag
WAIT_ENABLE 0 wait state enable flag
STOP_TRAPS 18 stop on trap flags
STOP_VECA 1 stop on read abort in trap or interrupt
STOP_SPA 1 stop on stack push abort in trap or interrupt
PCQ[0:63] 16 PC prior to last jump, branch, or interrupt;
most recent PC change first
WRU 8 interrupt character
2.2 I/O Device Addressing
PDP-11 I/O space is not large enough to allow all possible devices to be
configured simultaneously at fixed addresses. Instead, many devices have
floating addresses; that is, the assigned device address depends on the
presense of other devices in the configuration:
DZ11 all instances have floating addresses
RL11 first instance has fixed address, rest floating
RX11/RX211 first instance has fixed address, rest floating
DEUNA/DELUA first instance has fixed address, rest floating
MSCP disk first instance has fixed address, rest floating
TMSCP tape first instance has fixed address, rest floating
To maintain addressing consistency as the configuration changes, the
simulator implements DEC's standard I/O address and vector autoconfiguration
algorithms for devices DZ, RL, RX, RY, XU, RQ, and TQ. This allows the
user to enable or disable devices without needing to manage I/O addresses
and vectors. For example, if RY is enabled while RX is present, RY is
assigned an I/O address in the floating I/O space range; but if RX is
disabled and then RY is enabled, RY is assigned the fixed "first instance"
I/O address for floppy disks.
Autoconfiguration cannot solve address conflicts between devices with
overlapping fixed address. For example, with default I/O page addressing,
the PDP-11 can support either a TM11 or a TS11, but not both, since they use
the same I/O addresses.
In addition to autoconfiguration, most devices support the SET ADDRESS
command, which allows the I/O page address of the device to be changed,
and the SET VECTOR command, which allows the vector of the device to be
changed. Explicitly setting the I/O address of a device which normally
uses autoconfiguration DISABLES autoconfiguration for that device. As
a consequence, the user may have to manually configure all other
autoconfigured devices, because the autoconfiguration algorithm no
longer recognizes the explicitly configured device. A device can be
reset to autoconfigure with the SET <device> AUTOCONFIGURE command.
The current I/O map can be displayed with the SHOW CPU IOSPACE command.
Addresses that have set by autoconfiguration are marked with an asterisk (*).
All devices support the SHOW ADDRESS and SHOW VECTOR commands, which display
the device address and vector, respectively.
2.3 Programmed I/O Devices
2.3.1 PC11 Paper Tape Reader (PTR)
The paper tape reader (PTR) reads data from a disk file. The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be read. Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the reader.
The paper tape reader implements these registers:
name size comments
BUF 8 last data item processed
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
BUSY 1 busy flag (CSR<11>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
POS 32 position in the input file
TIME 24 time from I/O initiation to interrupt
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 out of tape
end of file 1 report error and stop
0 out of tape
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.3.2 PC11 Paper Tape Punch (PTP)
The paper tape punch (PTP) writes data to a disk file. The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be written.
Thus, by by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the punch.
The paper tape punch implements these registers:
name size comments
BUF 8 last data item processed
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
POS 32 position in the output file
TIME 24 time from I/O initiation to interrupt
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 out of tape
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.3.3 DL11 Terminal Input (TTI)
The terminal interfaces (TTI, TTO) can be set to one of two modes:
7B or 8B. In 7B mode, input and output characters are masked to 7
bits. In 8B mode, characters are not modified. Changing the mode
of either interface changes both. The default mode is 8B.
The terminal input (TTI) polls the console keyboard for input. It
implements these registers:
name size comments
BUF 8 last data item processed
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
POS 32 number of characters input
TIME 24 keyboard polling interval
If the simulator is compiled under Windows Visual C++, typing ^C to the
terminal input causes a fatal run-time error. Use the following command
to simulate typing ^C:
SET TTI CTRL-C
2.3.4 DL11 Terminal Output (TTO)
The terminal output (TTO) writes to the simulator console window. It
implements these registers:
name size comments
BUF 8 last data item processed
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
POS 32 number of characters input
TIME 24 time from I/O initiation to interrupt
2.3.5 LP11 Line Printer (LPT)
The line printer (LPT) writes data to a disk file. The POS register
specifies the number of the next data item to be written. Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the printer.
The line printer implements these registers:
name size comments
BUF 8 last data item processed
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
POS 32 position in the output file
TIME 24 time from I/O initiation to interrupt
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 out of paper
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.3.6 Line-Time Clock (CLK)
The line-time clock (CLK) frequency can be adjusted as follows:
SET CLK 60HZ set frequency to 60Hz
SET CLK 50HZ set frequency to 50Hz
The default is 60Hz.
The line-time clock implements these registers:
name size comments
CSR 16 control/status register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
TIME 24 clock interval
The line-time clock autocalibrates; the clock interval is adjusted up
or down so that the clock tracks actual elapsed time.
2.3.7 Programmable Clock (PCLK)
The programmable clock (PCLK) line frequency can be adjusted as follows:
SET PCLK 60HZ set frequency to 60Hz
SET PCLK 50HZ set frequency to 50Hz
The default is 60Hz.
The programmable clock implements these registers:
name size comments
CSR 16 control/status register
CSB 16 count set buffer
CNT 16 current count
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
OVFL 1 overflow (error) flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
UPDN 1 up/down count mode (CSR<4>)
MODE 1 single/repeat mode (CSR<3>)
RUN 1 clock run (CSR<0>)
TIME[0..3] 32 clock interval, rates 0..3
TPS[0..3] 32 ticks per second, rates 0..3
The programmable clock autocalibrates; the clock interval is adjusted
up or down so that the clock tracks actual elapsed time. Operation at
the highest clock rate (100Khz) is not recommended. The programmable
clock is disabled by default.
2.3.8 DZ11 Terminal Multiplexor (DZ)
The DZ11 is an 8-line terminal multiplexor. Up to 4 DZ11's (32 lines)
are supported. The number of lines can be changed with the command
SET DZ LINES=n set line count to n
The line count must be a multiple of 8, with a maximum of 32.
The DZ11 supports 8-bit input and output of characters. 8-bit output
may be incompatible with certain operating systems. The command
SET DZ 7B
forces output characters (only) to be masked to 7 bits.
The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions
connected to a user-specified port. The ATTACH command specifies
the port to be used:
ATTACH {-am} DZ <port> set up listening port
where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used
for other TCP/IP activities. The optional switch -m turns on the DZ11's
modem controls; the optional switch -a turns on active disconnects
(disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready). Without
modem control, the DZ behaves as though terminals were directly connected;
disconnecting the Telnet session does not cause any operating system-
visible change in line status.
Once the DZ is attached and the simulator is running, the DZ will listen
for connections on the specified port. It assumes that the incoming
connections are Telnet connections. The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET DZ
DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH DZ command.
The SHOW DZ CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the DZ.
The SHOW DZ STATISTICS command displays statistics for active connections.
The SET DZ DISCONNECT=linenumber disconnects the specified line.
The DZ11 implements these registers:
name size comments
CSR[0:3] 16 control/status register, boards 0..3
RBUF[0:3] 16 receive buffer, boards 0..3
LPR[0:3] 16 line parameter register, boards 0..3
TCR[0:3] 16 transmission control register, boards 0..3
MSR[0:3] 16 modem status register, boards 0..3
TDR[0:3] 16 transmit data register, boards 0..3
SAENB[0:3] 1 silo alarm enabled, boards 0..3
RXINT 4 receive interrupts, boards 3..0
TXINT 4 transmit interrupts, boards 3..0
MDMTCL 1 modem control enabled
AUTODS 1 autodisconnect enabled
The DZ11 does not support save and restore. All open connections are
lost when the simulator shuts down or the DZ is detached.
2.4 Floppy Disk Drives
2.4.1 RX11/RX01 Floppy Disk (RX)
RX11 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked:
SET RXn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RXn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
The RX11 supports the BOOT command.
The RX11 implements these registers:
name size comments
RXCS 12 status
RXDB 8 data buffer
RXES 8 error status
RXERR 8 error code
RXTA 8 current track
RXSA 8 current sector
STAPTR 3 controller state
BUFPTR 3 buffer pointer
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
TR 1 transfer ready flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<5>)
CTIME 24 command completion time
STIME 24 seek time, per track
XTIME 24 transfer ready delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
SBUF[0:127] 8 sector buffer array
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
RX01 data files are buffered in memory; therefore, end of file and OS
I/O errors cannot occur.
2.4.2 RX211/RX02 Floppy Disk (RY)
RX211 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, single or double density, or autosized:
SET RYn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RYn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET RYn SINGLE set unit n single density
SET RYn DOUBLE set unit n double density (default)
SET RYn AUTOSIZE set unit n autosized
The RX211 supports the BOOT command. The RX211 will not function
properly in a Qbus (22B) system with more than 256KB of memory.
The RX211 implements these registers:
name size comments
RYCS 16 status
RYBA 16 buffer address
RYWC 8 word count
RYDB 16 data buffer
RYES 12 error status
RYERR 8 error code
RYTA 8 current track
RYSA 8 current sector
STAPTR 4 controller state
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
TR 1 transfer ready flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<5>)
CTIME 24 command completion time
STIME 24 seek time, per track
XTIME 24 transfer ready delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
SBUF[0:255] 8 sector buffer array
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
RX02 data files are buffered in memory; therefore, end of file and OS
I/O errors cannot occur.
2.5 Cartridge Disk Drives
2.5.1 RK11/RK05 Cartridge Disk (RK)
RK11 options include the ability to make units write enabled or write
locked:
SET RKn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RKn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
Units can also be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. The RK11 supports the BOOT
command. The RK11 will not function properly in a Qbus (22B) system
with more than 256KB of memory.
The RK11 implements these registers:
name size comments
RKCS 16 control/status
RKDA 16 disk address
RKBA 16 memory address
RKWC 16 word count
RKDS 16 drive status
RKER 16 error status
INTQ 9 interrupt queue
DRVN 3 number of last selected drive
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
STIME 24 seek time, per cylinder
RTIME 24 rotational delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
end of file x assume rest of disk is zero
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.5.2 RK611/RK06,RK07 Cartridge Disk (RL)
RK611 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, to set the drive size to RK06, RK07, or autosize, and to write
a DEC standard 044 compliant bad block table on the last track:
SET HKn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET HKn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET HKn RK06 set size to RK06
SET HKn RK07 set size to RK07
SET HKn AUTOSIZE set size based on file size at attach
SET HKn BADBLOCK write bad block table on last track
The size options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
The bad block option can be used only when a unit is attached to a file.
Units can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. The RK611 supports the BOOT command.
The RK611 will not function properly in a Qbus (22B) system with more
than 256KB of memory using standard DEC software. The simulator implements
a third-party extension of addressing capability to 22b; this is only
supported by Ultrix-11.
The RK611 implements these registers:
name size comments
HKCS1 16 control/status 1
HKWC 16 word count
HKBA 16 bus address
HKDA 16 desired surface, sector
HKCS2 16 control/status 2
HKDS[0:7] 16 drive status, drives 0-7
HKER[0:7] 16 drive errors, drives 0-7
HKDB[0:2] 16 data buffer silo
HKDC 16 desired cylinder
HKOF 8 offset
HKMR 16 maintenance register
HKSPR 16 spare register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR1<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR1<6>)
STIME 24 seek time, per cylinder
RTIME 24 rotational delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
end of file x assume rest of disk is zero
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.5.3 RL11(V12)/RL01,RL02 Cartridge Disk (RL)
RL11 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, to set the drive size to RL01, RL02, or autosize, and to write
a DEC standard 044 compliant bad block table on the last track:
SET RLn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RLn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET RLn RL01 set size to RL01
SET RLn RL02 set size to RL02
SET RLn AUTOSIZE set size based on file size at attach
SET RLn BADBLOCK write bad block table on last track
The size options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
The bad block option can be used only when a unit is attached to a file.
Units can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. The RL11 supports the BOOT command.
In an 18B or Unibus system, the RL behaves like an RL11 with 18b
addressing; in a Qbus (22B) system, the RL behaves like the RLV12 with
22b addressing.
The RL11 implements these registers:
name size comments
RLCS 16 control/status
RLDA 16 disk address
RLBA 16 memory address
RLBAE 6 memory address extension (RLV12)
RLMP..RLMP2 16 multipurpose register queue
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag (CSR<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
STIME 24 seek time, per cylinder
RTIME 24 rotational delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
end of file x assume rest of disk is zero
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.6 RM02/03/05/80, RP04/05/06/07 Disk Pack Drives (RP)
The RP controller implements a "Massbus style" 22b direct interface
for large disk drives. It is more abstract than other device simulators,
with just enough detail to run operating system drivers. In addition,
the RP controller conflates the details of the RM series controllers
with the RP series controllers, although there were detailed differences.
RP options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, to set the drive type to one of six disk types, or autosize,
and to write a DEC standard 044 compliant bad block table on the last
track:
SET RPn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RPn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET RPn RM03 set type to RM03
SET RPn RM05 set type to RM05
SET RPn RM80 set type to RM80
SET RPn RP04 set type to RP04
SET RPn RP06 set type to RP06
SET RPn RP07 set type to RP07
SET RPn AUTOSIZE set type based on file size at attach
SET RPn BADBLOCK write bad block table on last track
The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
The bad block option can be used only when a unit is attached to a file.
Units can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. The RP controller supports the
BOOT command. In a Unibus system, the RP can implement either 18b
(RH11) addressing or 22b (RH70) addressing. In a Qbus (22B) system,
the RP always implements 22b addressing.
The RP controller implements these registers:
name size comments
RPCS1 16 control/status 1
RPWC 16 word count
RPBA 16 bus address
RPDA 16 desired surface, sector
RPCS2 16 control/status 2
RPDS[0:7] 16 drive status, drives 0-7
RPER1[0:7] 16 drive errors, drives 0-7
RPOF 16 offset
RPDC 16 desired cylinder
RPER2 16 error status 2
RPER3 16 error status 3
RPEC1 16 ECC syndrome 1
RPEC2 16 ECC syndrome 2
RPMR 16 maintenance register
RPDB 16 data buffer
RPBAE 6 bus address extension
RPCS3 16 control/status 3
IFF 1 transfer complete interrupt request flop
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
SC 1 special condition (CSR1<15>)
DONE 1 device done flag (CSR1<7>)
IE 1 interrupt enable flag (CSR1<6>)
STIME 24 seek time, per cylinder
RTIME 24 rotational delay
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
Error handling is as follows:
error STOP_IOE processed as
not attached 1 report error and stop
0 disk not ready
end of file x assume rest of disk is zero
OS I/O error x report error and stop
2.7 RQDX3 MSCP Disk Controllers (RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD)
The simulator implements four MSCP disk controllers, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD.
Initially, RQB, RQC, and RQD are disabled. Each RQ controller simulates
an RQDX3 MSCP disk controller. RQ options include the ability to set
units write enabled or write locked, and to set the drive type to one
of many disk types:
SET RQn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET RQn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET RQn RX50 set type to RX50
SET RQn RX33 set type to RX33
SET RQn RD51 set type to RD51
SET RQn RD52 set type to RD52
SET RQn RD53 set type to RD53
SET RQn RD54 set type to RD54
SET RQn RD31 set type to RD31
SET RQn RA82 set type to RA82
SET RQn RA72 set type to RA72
SET RQn RA90 set type to RA90
SET RQn RA92 set type to RA92
SET RQn RRD40 set type to RRD40 (CD ROM)
SET RQn RAUSER{=n} set type to RA81 with n LBNs
The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
RAUSER is a "user specified" disk; the user can specify the size of the
disk in logical block numbers (LBN's, 512 bytes each). The minimum size
is 50MB; the maximum size is 2GB.
Units can also be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. Each RQ controller supports the
BOOT command. In a Unibus system, an RQ supports 18b addressing. In
a Qbus (22B) system, an RQ supports 22b addressing.
Each RQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:
SHOW RQn TYPE show drive type
SHOW RQ RINGS show command and response rings
SHOW RQ FREEQ show packet free queue
SHOW RQ RESPQ show packet response queue
SHOW RQ UNITQ show unit queues
SHOW RQ ALL show all ring and queue state
SHOW RQn UNITQ show unit queues for unit n
Each RQ controller implements these registers:
name size comments
SA 16 status/address register
S1DAT 16 step 1 init host data
CQBA 22 command queue base address
CQLNT 8 command queue length
CQIDX 8 command queue index
RQBA 22 request queue base address
RQLNT 8 request queue length
RQIDX 8 request queue index
FREE 5 head of free packet list
RESP 5 head of response packet list
PBSY 5 number of busy packets
CFLGS 16 controller flags
CSTA 4 controller state
PERR 9 port error number
CRED 5 host credits
HAT 17 host available timer
HTMO 17 host timeout value
CPKT[0:3] 5 current packet, units 0-3
PKTQ[0:3] 5 packet queue, units 0-3
UFLG[0:3] 16 unit flags, units 0-3
INT 1 interrupt request
ITIME 1 response time for initialization steps
(except for step 4)
QTIME 24 response time for 'immediate' packets
XTIME 24 response time for data transfers
PKTS[33*32] 16 packet buffers, 33W each,
32 entries
Some DEC operating systems, notably RSX11M/M+, are very sensitive to
the timing parameters. Changing the default values may cause M/M+ to
crash on boot or to hang during operation.
Error handling is as follows:
error processed as
not attached disk not ready
end of file assume rest of disk is zero
OS I/O error report error and stop
2.8 TC11/TU56 DECtape (DT)
DECtapes drives are numbered 1-8; in the simulator, drive 8 is unit 0.
DECtape options include the ability to make units write enabled or write
locked.
SET DTn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET DTn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
Units can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE. The TC11 supports the BOOT command.
The TC11 will not function properly in a 22B (Qbus) system with more
than 256KB of memory.
The TC11 supports supports PDP-8 format, PDP-11 format, and 18b format
DECtape images. ATTACH tries to determine the tape format from the DECtape
image; the user can force a particular format with switches:
-r PDP-8 format
-s PDP-11 format
-t 18b format
The DECtape controller is a data-only simulator; the timing and mark
track, and block header and trailer, are not stored. Thus, the WRITE
TIMING AND MARK TRACK function is not supported; the READ ALL function
always returns the hardware standard block header and trailer; and the
WRITE ALL function dumps non-data words into the bit bucket.
The TC controller implements these registers:
name size comments
TCST 16 status register
TCCM 16 command register
TCWC 16 word count register
TCBA 16 bus address register
TCDT 16 data register
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag
DONE 1 done flag
IE 1 interrupt enable flag
CTIME 31 time to complete transport stop
LTIME 31 time between lines
ACTIME 31 time to accelerate to full speed
DCTIME 31 time to decelerate to a full stop
SUBSTATE 2 read/write command substate
POS[0:7] 32 position, in lines, units 0-7
STATT[0-7] 31 unit state, units 0-7
It is critically important to maintain certain timing relationships
among the DECtape parameters, or the DECtape simulator will fail to
operate correctly.
- LTIME must be at least 6
- ACTIME must be less than DCTIME, and both need to be at
least 100 times LTIME
2.9 Magnetic Tape Controllers
2.9.1 TM11 Magnetic Tape (TM)
TM options include the ability to make units write enabled or write
locked.
SET TMn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET TMn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
Units can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE.
The TM11 supports the BOOT command. The bootstrap supports both original
and DEC standard boot formats. Originally, a tape bootstrap read and
executed the first record on tape. To allow for ANSI labels, the DEC
standard bootstrap skipped the first record and read and executed the
second. The DEC standard is the default; to bootstrap an original format
tape, use the -o switch.
The TM11 will not function properly in a Qbus (22B) system with more
than 256KB of memory
The TM controller implements these registers:
name size comments
MTS 16 status
MTC 16 command
MTCMA 16 memory address
MTBRC 16 byte/record count
INT 1 interrupt pending flag
ERR 1 error flag
DONE 1 device done flag
IE 1 interrupt enable flag
STOP_IOE 1 stop on I/O error
TIME 24 delay
UST[0:7] 16 unit status, units 0-7
POS[0:7] 32 position, units 0-7
Error handling is as follows:
error processed as
not attached tape not ready; if STOP_IOE, stop
end of file bad tape
OS I/O error parity error; if STOP_IOE, stop
2.9.2 TS11/TSV05 Magnetic Tape (TS)
The TS actually implements the TSV05, with 22-bit addressing, but will
work with TS11 drivers. TS options include the ability to make the unit
write enabled or write locked.
SET TS LOCKED set unit write locked
SET TS WRITEENABLED set unit write enabled
The TS11 supports the BOOT command. The bootstrap supports only DEC
standard boot formats. To allow for ANSI labels, the DEC standard
bootstrap skipped the first record and read and executed the second.
In a Unibus system, the TS behaves like the TS11 and implements 18b
addresses. In a Qbus (22B) system, the TS behaves like the TSV05
and implements 22b addresses.
The TS controller implements these registers:
name size comments
TSSR 16 status register
TSBA 16 bus address register
TSDBX 16 data buffer extension register
CHDR 16 command packet header
CADL 16 command packet low address or count
CADH 16 command packet high address
CLNT 16 command packet length
MHDR 16 message packet header
MRFC 16 message packet residual frame count
MXS0 16 message packet extended status 0
MXS1 16 message packet extended status 1
MXS2 16 message packet extended status 2
MXS3 16 message packet extended status 3
MXS4 16 message packet extended status 4
WADL 16 write char packet low address
WADH 16 write char packet high address
WLNT 16 write char packet length
WOPT 16 write char packet options
WXOPT 16 write char packet extended options
ATTN 1 attention message pending
BOOT 1 boot request pending
OWNC 1 if set, tape owns command buffer
OWNM 1 if set, tape owns message buffer
TIME 24 delay
POS 32 position
Error handling is as follows:
error processed as
not attached tape not ready
end of file bad tape
OS I/O error fatal tape error
2.9.3 TQK50 TMSCP Disk Controller (TQ)
The TQ controller simulates the TQK50 TMSCP disk controller. TQ options
include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, and to
specify the controller type and tape length:
SET TQn LOCKED set unit n write locked
SET TQn WRITEENABLED set unit n write enabled
SET TQ TK50 set controller type to TK50
SET TQ TK70 set controller type to TK70
SET TQ TU81 set controller type to TU81
SET TQ TKUSER{=n} set controller type to TK50 with
tape capacity of n MB
User-specified capacity must be between 50 and 2000 MB.
The TQ controller supports the BOOT command. In a Unibus system, the
TQ supports 18b addressing. In a Qbus (22B) system, the TQ supports
22b addressing.
The TQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:
SHOW TQ TYPE show controller type
SHOW TQ RINGS show command and response rings
SHOW TQ FREEQ show packet free queue
SHOW TQ RESPQ show packet response queue
SHOW TQ UNITQ show unit queues
SHOW TQ ALL show all ring and queue state
SHOW TQn UNITQ show unit queues for unit n
The TQ controller implements these registers:
name size comments
SA 16 status/address register
S1DAT 16 step 1 init host data
CQBA 22 command queue base address
CQLNT 8 command queue length
CQIDX 8 command queue index
RQBA 22 request queue base address
RQLNT 8 request queue length
RQIDX 8 request queue index
FREE 5 head of free packet list
RESP 5 head of response packet list
PBSY 5 number of busy packets
CFLGS 16 controller flags
CSTA 4 controller state
PERR 9 port error number
CRED 5 host credits
HAT 17 host available timer
HTMO 17 host timeout value
CPKT[0:3] 5 current packet, units 0-3
PKTQ[0:3] 5 packet queue, units 0-3
UFLG[0:3] 16 unit flags, units 0-3
POS[0:3] 32 tape position, units 0-3
OBJP[0:3] 32 object position, units 0-3
INT 1 interrupt request
ITIME 1 response time for initialization steps
(except for step 4)
QTIME 24 response time for 'immediate' packets
XTIME 24 response time for data transfers
PKTS[33*32] 16 packet buffers, 33W each,
32 entries
Some DEC operating systems, notably RSX11M/M+, are very sensitive to
the timing parameters. Changing the default values may cause M/M+ to
crash on boot or to hang during operation.
Error handling is as follows:
error processed as
not attached tape not ready
end of file end of medium
OS I/O error fatal tape error
2.10 DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet Controllers (XQ, XQB)
The simulator implements two DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet controllers (XQ,
XQB). Initially, XQ is enabled, and XQB is disabled. Options allow
control of the MAC address, the controller mode, and the sanity timer.
SET XQ MAC=<mac-address> ex. 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC
SHOW XQ MAC
These commands are used to change or display the MAC address. <mac-address>
is a valid ethernet MAC, delimited by dashes or periods. The controller
defaults to 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC, which should be sufficient if there is
only one SIMH controller on your LAN. Two cards with the same MAC address
will see each other's packets, resulting in a serious mess.
SET XQ TYPE={DEQNA|[DELQA]}
SHOW XQ TYPE
These commands are used to change or display the controller mode. DELQA
mode is better and faster but may not be usable by older or non-DEC OS's.
Also, be aware that DEQNA mode is not supported by many modern OS's. The
DEQNA-LOCK mode of the DELQA card is emulated by setting the the controller
to DEQNA - there is no need for a separate mode. DEQNA-LOCK mode behaves
exactly like a DEQNA, except for the operation of the VAR and MOP processing.
SET XQ SANITY={ON|[OFF]}
SHOW XQ SANITY
These commands change or display the INITIALIZATION sanity timer (DEQNA
jumper W3/DELQA switch S4). The INITIALIZATION sanity timer has a default
timeout of 4 minutes, and cannot be turned off, just reset. The normal
sanity timer can be set by operating system software regardless of the
state of this switch. Note that only the DEQNA (or the DELQA in DEQNA-
LOCK mode (=DEQNA)) supports the sanity timer - it is ignored by a DELQA
in Normal mode, which uses switch S4 for a different purpose.
To access the network, the simulated Ethernet controller must be attached
to a real Ethernet interface:
ATTACH XQ0 {ethX|<device_name>} ex. eth0 or /dev/era0
SHOW XQ ETH
where X in 'ethX' is the number of the ethernet controller to attach, or
the real device name. The X number is system dependant. If you only have
one ethernet controller, the number will probably be 0. To find out what
your system thinks the ethernet numbers are, use the SHOW XQ ETH command.
The device list can be quite cryptic, depending on the host system, but
is probably better than guessing. If you do not attach the device, the
controller will behave as though the ethernet cable were unplugged.
XQ has the following registers:
name size comments
SA0 16 station address word 0
SA1 16 station address word 1
SA2 16 station address word 2
SA3 16 station address word 3
SA4 16 station address word 4
SA5 16 station address word 5
CSR 16 control status register
VAR 16 vector address register
RBDL 32 receive buffer descriptor list
XBDL 32 trans(X)mit buffer descriptorlList
One final note: because of it's asynchronous nature, the XQ controller is
not limited to the ~1.5Mbit/sec of the real DEQNA/DELQA controllers,
nor the 10Mbit/sec of a standard Ethernet. Attach it to a Fast Ethernet
(100 Mbit/sec) card, and "Feel the Power!" :-)
2.11 DEUNA/DELUA Unibus Ethernet Controller (XU)
XU simulates the DEUNA/DELUA Unibus Ethernet controller. THe current
implementation is a stub and is permanently disabled.
2.12 Symbolic Display and Input
The PDP-11 simulator implements symbolic display and input. Display is
controlled by command line switches:
-a display as ASCII character
-c display as two character ASCII string
-m display instruction mnemonics
Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command
line switches:
' or -a ASCII character
" or -c two character ASCII string
alphabetic instruction mnemonic
numeric octal number
Instruction input uses standard PDP-11 assembler syntax. There are sixteen
instruction classes:
class operands examples comments
no operands none HALT, RESET
3b literal literal, 0 - 7 SPL
6b literal literal, 0 - 077 MARK
8b literal literal, 0 - 0377 EMT, TRAP
register register RTS
sop specifier SWAB, CLR, ASL
reg-sop register, specifier JSR, XOR, MUL
fop flt specifier ABSf, NEGf
ac-fop flt reg, flt specifier LDf, MULf
ac-sop flt reg, specifier LDEXP, STEXP
ac-moded sop flt reg, specifier LDCif, STCfi
dop specifier, specifier MOV, ADD, BIC
cond branch address BR, BCC, BNE
sob register, address SOB
cc clear cc clear instructions CLC, CLV, CLZ, CLN combinable
cc set cc set instructions SEC, SEV, SEZ, SEN combinable
For floating point opcodes, F and D variants, and I and L variants, may be
specified regardless of the state of FPS.
The syntax for specifiers is as follows:
syntax specifier displacement comments
Rn 0n -
Fn 0n - only in flt reg classes
(Rn) 1n -
@(Rn) 7n 0 equivalent to @0(Rn)
(Rn)+ 2n -
@(Rn)+ 3n -
-(Rn) 4n -
@-(Rn) 5n -
{+/-}d(Rn) 6n {+/-}d
@{+/-}d(Rn) 7n {+/-}d
#n 27 n
@#n 37 n
.+/-n 67 +/-n - 4
@.+/-n 77 +/-n - 4
{+/-}n 67 {+/-}n - PC - 4 if on disk, 37 and n
@{+/-}n 77 {+/-}n - PC - 4 if on disk, invalid