PDP10/pdp10_doc.txt

To:	Users
From:	Bob Supnik
Subj:	PDP-10 Simulator Usage
Date:	01-Jul-2005

			COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following copyright notice applies to both the SIMH source and binary:

   Original code published in 1993-2005, written by Robert M Supnik
   Copyright (c) 1993-2005, Robert M Supnik

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
   copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
   to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
   the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
   and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
   Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
   ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
   IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
   CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

   Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not be
   used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
   in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.

This memorandum documents the PDP-10 simulator.


1. Simulator Files

To compile the PDP-10, you must define VM_PDP10 and USE_INT64 as part of the
compilation command line.

sim/		scp.h
		sim_console.h
		sim_defs.h
		sim_ether.h
		sim_fio.h
		sim_rev.h
		sim_sock.h
		sim_tape.h
		sim_timer.h
		sim_tmxr.h
		scp.c
		sim_console.c
		sim_ether.c
		sim_fio.c
		sim_sock.c
		sim_tape.c
		sim_timer.c
		sim_tmxr.c

sim/pdp10/	pdp10_defs.h
		pdp10_cpu.c
		pdp10_fe.c
		pdp10_ksio.c
		pdp10_lp20.c
		pdp10_mdfp.c
		pdp10_pag.c
		pdp10_rp.c
		pdp10_sys.c
		pdp10_tu.c
		pdp10_xtnd.c

sim/pdp11/	pdp11_dz.c
		pdp11_pt.c
		pdp11_ry.c
		pdp11_xu.c

2. PDP-10 Features

The PDP-10 simulator is configured as follows:

device		simulates
name(s)

CPU		KS10 CPU with 1MW of memory
PAG		paging unit (translation maps)
UBA		Unibus adapters (translation maps)
FE		console
TIM		timer
PTR,PTP		PC11 paper tape reader/punch
RY		RX211/RX02 floppy disk and two drives
DZ		DZ11 8-line terminal multiplexor (up to 4)
LP20		LP20 line printer
RP		RH11/RP04/RP05/RP06/RP07/RM03/RM05/RM80 controller with
		eight drives
TU		RH11/TM02/TU45 controller with eight drives
XU		DEUNA/DELUA Ethernet controller

The PTR, PTP, and RX211 are initially set DISABLED.  The DZ11 and LP20 can
also be set DISABLED.  Some devices support the SET ADDRESS command, which
allows the I/O page address of the device to be changed, and the SET VECTOR
command, which allows the vector of the device to be changed.  All devices
support the SHOW ADDRESS and SHOW VECTOR commands, which display the device
address and vector, respectively.

The PDP-10 simulator implements several unique stop condition:

	- illegal instruction (000) in kernel mode
	- indirect addressing nesting exceeds limit
	- execute chaining exceeds limit
	- page fail or other error in interrupt sequence
	- illegal instruction in interrupt sequence
	- invalid vector pointer in interrupt sequence
	- invalid Unibus adapter number
	- non-existent exec or user page table address

The PDP-10 loader supports RIM10B format paper tapes, SAV binary files, and
EXE binary files.  LOAD switches -r, -s, -e specify RIM10, SAV, EXE format,
respectively.  If no switch is specified, the LOAD command checks the file
extension; .RIM, .SAV, .EXE specify RIM10, SAV, EXE format, respectively.
If no switch is specified, and no extension matches, the LOAD command checks
the file format to try to determine the file type. 

2.1 CPU

The CPU options allow the user to specify standard microcode, standard
microcode with a bug fix for a boostrap problem in TOPS-20 V4.1, or ITS
microcode:

	SET CPU STANDARD	Standard microcode
	SET CPU TOPS20V41	Standard microcode with TOPS-20 V4.1 bug fix
	SET CPU ITS		ITS compatible microcode

The CPU implements a SHOW command to display the I/O space address map:

	SHOW CPU IOSPACE	show I/O space address map

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the
control registers for the interrupt system.

	name		size	comments

	PC		18	program counter
	FLAGS		18	processor flags (<13:17> unused)
	AC0..AC17	36	accumulators
	IR		36	instruction register
	EBR		18	executive base register
	PGON		1	paging enabled flag
	T20P		1	TOPS-20 paging
	UBR		18	user base register
	CURAC		3	current AC block
	PRVAC		3	previous AC block
	SPT		36	shared pointer table
	CST		36	core status table
	PUR		36	process update register
	CSTM		36	CST mask
	HSB		18	halt status block address
	DBR1		18	descriptor base register 1 (ITS)
	DBR2		18	descriptor base register 2 (ITS)
	DBR3		18	descriptor base register 3 (ITS)
	DBR4		18	descriptor base register 4 (ITS)
	PIENB		7	PI levels enabled
	PIACT		7	PI levels active
	PIPRQ		7	PI levels with program requests
	PIIOQ		7	PI levels with IO requests
	PIAPR		7	PI levels with APR requests
	APRENB		8	APR flags enabled
	APRFLG		8	APR flags active
	APRLVL		3	PI level for APR interrupt
	IND_MAX		8	indirect address nesting limit
	XCT_MAX		8	execute chaining limit
	PCQ[0:63]	18	PC prior to last jump or interrupt;
				most recent PC change first
	WRU		8	interrupt character
	REG[0:127]	36	fast memory blocks

The CPU can maintain a history of the most recently executed instructions.
This is controlled by the SET CPU HISTORY and SHOW CPU HISTORY commands:

	SET CPU HISTORY		clear history buffer
	SET CPU HISTORY=0	disable history
	SET CPU HISTORY=n	enable history, length = n
	SHOW CPU HISTORY	print CPU history
	SHOW CPU HISTORY=n	print first n entries of CPU history

The maximum length for the history is 65536 entries.

2.2 Pager

The pager contains the page maps for executive and user mode.  The
executive page map is the memory space for unit 0, the user page map the
memory space for unit 1.  A page map entry is 32 bits wide and has the
following format:

	bit		content
	---		-------
	31		page is writeable
	30		entry is valid
	29:19		mbz
	18:9		physical page base address
	8:0		mbz

The pager has no registers.

2.3 Unibus Adapters

The Unibus adapters link the system I/O devices to the CPU.  Unibus
adapter 1 (UBA1) is unit 0, and Unibus adapter 3 is unit 1.  The
adapter's Unibus map is the memory space of the corresponding unit.

The Unibus adapter has the following registers:

	name		size	comments

	INTREQ		32	interrupt requests
	UB1CS		16	Unibus adapter 1 control/status
	UB3CS		16	Unibus adapter 3 control/status

2.4 Front End (FE)

The front end is the system console.  The keyboard input is unit 0,
the console output is unit 1.  It supports one option:

	SET FE STOP		halts the PDP-10 operating system

The front end has the following registers:

	name		size	comments

	IBUF		8	input buffer
	ICOUNT		32	count of input characters
	ITIME		24	keyboard polling interval
	OBUF		8	output buffer
	OCOUNT		32	count of output characters
	OTIME		24	console output response time

2.5 Timer (TIM)

The timer (TIM) implements the system timer, the interval timer, and
the time of day clock used to get the date and time at system startup.
Because most PDP-10 software is not Y2K compliant, the timer implements
one option:

	SET TIM NOY2K		software not Y2K compliant, limit time
				 of day clock to 1999 (default)
	SET TIM Y2K		software is Y2K compliant

The timer has the following registers:

	name		size	comments

	TIMBASE		59	time base (double precision)
	TTG		36	time to go (remaining time) for interval
	PERIOD		36	reset value for interval
	QUANT		36	quantum timer (ITS only)
	TIME		24	tick delay
	DIAG		1	use fixed tick delay instead of autocalibration

Unless the DIAG flag is set, the timer autocalibrates; the tick delay
is adjusted up or down so that the time base tracks actual elapsed time.
This may cause time-dependent diagnostics to report errors.

2.6 PC11 Paper Tape Reader (PTR)

The paper tape reader (PTR) reads data from a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be read.  Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the reader.

The paper tape reader requires an unsupported driver under TOPS-10
and is not supported under TOPS-20 or ITS.

The paper tape reader implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	BUSY		1	busy flag (CSR<11>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the input file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	end of file	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop


2.7 PC11 Paper Tape Punch (PTP)

The paper tape punch (PTP) writes data to a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be written. 
Thus, by by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the punch.

The paper tape punch requires an unsupported driver under TOPS-10
and is not supported under TOPS-20 or ITS.

The paper tape punch implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the input or output file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
				0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.8 DZ11 Terminal Multiplexor (DZ)

The DZ11 is an 8-line terminal multiplexor.  Up to 4 DZ11's (32 lines)
are supported.  The number of lines can be changed with the command

	SET DZ LINES=n			set line count to n

The line count must be a multiple of 8, with a maximum of 32.

The DZ11 can support 8-bit input and output of characters.  8-bit
output is incompatible with TOPS-20 and is off by default.  The command

	SET DZ 8B

allows output characters to be 8 bits.

The DZ11 supports logging on a per-line basis.  The command

	SET DZ LOG=line=filename

enables logging for the specified line to the indicated file.  The
command

	SET DZ NOLOG=line

disables logging for the specified line and closes any open log file.
Finally, the command

	SHOW DZ LOG

displays logging information for all DZ lines.

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions
connected to a user-specified port.  The ATTACH command specifies
the port to be used:

	ATTACH {-am} DZ <port>		set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used
for other TCP/IP activities.  The optional switch -m turns on the DZ11's
modem controls; the optional switch -a turns on active disconnects
(disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready).  Without
modem control, the DZ behaves as though terminals were directly connected;
disconnecting the Telnet session does not cause any operating system-
visible change in line status.

Once the DZ is attached and the simulator is running, the DZ will listen
for connections on the specified port.  It assumes that the incoming
connections are Telnet connections.  The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET DZ
DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH DZ command.

The SHOW DZ CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the DZ.
The SHOW DZ STATISTICS command displays statistics for active connections.
The SET DZ DISCONNECT=linenumber command disconnects the specified line.

The DZ11 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CSR[0:3]	16	control/status register, boards 0-3
	RBUF[0:3]	16	receive buffer, boards 0-3
	LPR[0:3]	16	line parameter register, boards 0-3
	TCR[0:3]	16	transmission control register, boards 0-3
	MSR[0:3]	16	modem status register, boards 0-3
	TDR[0:3]	16	transmit data register, boards 0-3
	SAENB[0:3]	1	silo alarm enabled, boards 0-3
	RXINT		4	receive interrupts, boards 3..0
	TXINT		4	transmit interrupts, boards 3..0
	MDMTCL		1	modem control enabled
	AUTODS		1	autodisconnect enabled

The DZ11 does not support save and restore.  All open connections are
lost when the simulator shuts down or the DZ is detached.

2.9 RH11 Adapter, RM02/03/05/80, RP04/05/06/07 drives (RP)

The RP controller implements the Massbus 18b (RH11) direct interface for
large disk drives.  It is more abstract than other device simulators, with
just enough detail to run operating system drivers.  In addition, the RP
controller conflates the details of the RM series controllers with the RP
series controllers, although there were detailed differences.

RP options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked,
to set the drive type to one of six disk types, or autosize:

	SET RPn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RPn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RPn RM03		set type to RM03
	SET RPn RM05		set type to RM05
	SET RPn RM80		set type to RM80
	SET RPn RP04		set type to RP04
	SET RPn RP06		set type to RP06
	SET RPn RP07		set type to RP07
	SET RPn AUTOSIZE	set type based on file size at attach

The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
Note that TOPS-10 V7.03 supported only the RP06 and RM03; V7.04 added
support for the RP07.  TOPS-20 V4.1 also supported only the RP06 and
RM03.  Units can be set ENABLED or DISABLED.

The RP controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	RPCS1		16	control/status 1
	RPWC		16	word count
	RPBA		16	bus address
	RPDA		16	desired surface, sector
	RPCS2		16	control/status 2
	RPDS[0:7]	16	drive status, drives 0-7
	RPER1[0:7]	16	drive errors, drives 0-7
	RPOF		16	offset
	RPDC		8	desired cylinder
	RPER2		16	error status 2
	RPER3		16	error status 3
	RPEC1		16	ECC syndrome 1
	RPEC2		16	ECC syndrome 2
	RPMR		16	maintenance register
	RPDB		16	data buffer
	IFF		1	transfer complete interrupt request flop
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	SC		1	special condition (CSR1<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR1<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR1<6>)
	STIME		24	seek time, per cylinder
	RTIME		24	rotational delay
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	disk not ready

	end of file	x	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.10 RH11 Adapter, TM02 Formatter, TU45 Magnetic Tape (TU)

The magnetic tape simulator simulates an RH11 Massbus adapter with one
TM02 formatter and up to eight TU45 drives.  Magnetic tape options include
the ability to make units write enabled or locked.

	SET TUn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET TUn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled

Units can also be set ENABLED or DISABLED.

The magnetic tape controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	MTCS1		16	control/status 1
	MTBA		16	memory address
	MTWC		16	word count
	MTFC		16	frame count
	MTCS2		16	control/status 2
	MTFS		16	formatter status
	MTER		16	error status
	MTCC		16	check character
	MTDB		16	data buffer
	MTMR		16	maintenance register
	MTTC		16	tape control register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	DONE		1	device done flag
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error
	TIME		24	delay
	UST[0:7]	16	unit status, units 0-7
	POS[0:7]	32	position, units 0-7

Error handling is as follows:

	error		processed as

	not attached	tape not ready; if STOP_IOE, stop

	end of file	operation incomplete

	OS I/O error	parity error; if STOP_IOE, stop

2.11 LP20 DMA Line Printer (LP20)

The LP20 is a DMA-based line printer controller.  There is one
line printer option to clear the vertical forms unit (VFU):

	SET LP20 VFUCLEAR	clear the vertical forms unit

The LP20 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	LPCSA		16	control/status register A
	LPCSB		16	control/status register B
	LPBA		16	bus address register
	LPBC		12	byte count register
	LPPAGC		12	page count register
	LPRDAT		12	RAM data register
	LPCBUF		8	character buffer register
	LPCOLC		8	column counter register
	LPPDAT		8	printer data register
	LPCSUM		8	checksum register
	DVPTR		7	vertical forms unit pointer
	DVLNT		7	vertical forms unit length
	INT		1	interrupt request
	ERR		1	error flag
	DONE		1	done flag
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag
	POS		32	position in output file
	TIME		24	response time
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error
	TXRAM[0:255]	12	translation RAM
	DAVFU[0:142]	12	vertical forms unit array	

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of paper

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.12 RX211/RX02 Floppy Disk (RY)

RX211 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, single or double density, or autosized:

	SET RYn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RYn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RYn SINGLE		set unit n single density
	SET RYn DOUBLE		set unit n double density (default)
	SET RYn AUTOSIZE	set unit n autosized

The floppy disk requires an unsupported driver under TOPS-10 and
is not supported under TOPS-20 or ITS.

The RX211 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	RYCS		16	status
	RYBA		16	buffer address
	RYWC		8	word count
	RYDB		16	data buffer
	RYES		12	error status
	RYERR		8	error code
	RYTA		8	current track
	RYSA		8	current sector
	STAPTR		4	controller state
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	TR		1	transfer ready flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<5>)
	CTIME		24	command completion time
	STIME		24	seek time, per track
	XTIME		24	transfer ready delay
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error
	SBUF[0:255]	8	sector buffer array

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	disk not ready

RX02 data files are buffered in memory; therefore, end of file and OS
I/O errors cannot occur.

2.13 DEUNA/DELUA Ethernet Controller (XU)

XU simulates the DEUNA/DELUA Ethernet controller.  The current implementation
is a stub and is permanently disabled.

2.14 Symbolic Display and Input

The PDP-10 simulator implements symbolic display and input.  Display is
controlled by command line switches:

	-a			display as ASCII character
	-c			display as (sixbit) character string
	-p			display as packed (seven bit) string
	-m			display instruction mnemonics
	-v			interpret address as virtual
	-e			force executive mode
	-u			force user mode

Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command
line switches:

	' or -a			ASCII character
	" or -c			sixbit string
	# or -p			packed seven bit string
	alphabetic		instruction mnemonic
	numeric			octal number

Instruction input uses standard PDP-10 assembler syntax.  There are three
instruction classes: memory reference, memory reference with AC, and I/O.

Memory reference instructions have the format

	memref {@}address{(index)}

memory reference with AC instructions have the format

	memac ac,{@}address{(index)}

and I/O instructions have the format

	io device,{@}address{(index)}

where @ signifies indirect.  The address is a signed octal number in the
range 0 - 0777777.  The ac and index are unsigned octal numbers in the
range 0-17.  The device is either a recognized device mnemonic (APR, PI,
TIM) or an octal number in the range 0 - 0177.

The simulator recognizes the standard MACRO alternate mnemonics (CLEAR
for SETZ, OR for IORI), the individual definitions for JRST and JFCL
variants, and the extended instruction mnemonics.